Cecil Essentials of Medicine

by Cecil, Russell L.; Bennett, J. Claude, Md; Carpenter, Charles C. J., Md; Plum, Fred, Md; Cecil, Russell L.

Edition: 4th

ISBN13: 9780721666976

ISBN10: 0721666973

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 1997-02-01

Publisher(s): Elsevier Science Health Science div

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Summary

For almost 20 years, Cecil Essentials of Medicine has been a trusted and respected name in Internal Medicine.

The new 5 th Edition continues this legacy by laying the groundwork for effective diagnosis and treatment by presenting the core of internal medicine in an easy-to-read format.

Concise and complete, incorporates important advances in diagnosis and therapy.

SECTION I CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

(110)

Structure and Function of the Normal Heart and Blood Vessels

(7)

Gross Anatomy

(1)

Electrical Conduction System

(1)

Microscopic Anatomy

(1)

Fetal Circulation

(1)

Myocardial Metabolism

(1)

Circulatory Physiology

(2)

Physiology of the Coronary Circulation

(1)

Physiology of the Systemic Circulation

(1)

Physiology of the Pulmonary Circulation

(1)

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

(1)

Cardiovascular Physiology During Pregnancy

(1)

Electrophysiology

(1)

Evaluation of the Patient with Cardiovascular Disease

(10)

History

(3)

Arterial Pressure and Pulses

(1)

Examination of the Neck Veins

(1)

Precordial Examination

(1)

Cardiac Auscultation

(1)

Abnormal Heart Sounds

(2)

Abnormal Murmurs

(2)

Prosthetic Valve Sounds

(1)

Special Tests and Procedures in the Patient with Cardiovascular Disease

(13)

Cardiac Radiography

(1)

Electrocardiography

(2)

Abnormal ECG Patterns

(5)

Long-Term Ambulatory ECG Recording

(1)

Stress Testing

(1)

Echocardiography

(1)

Nuclear Cardiology

(1)

Other Techniques

(1)

Cardiac Catheterization

(1)

Special Techniques

(3)

Congestive Heart Failure

(7)

Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Heart Failure

(2)

Diuretics

(1)

Vasodilators

(1)

Digitalis

(1)

Sympathomimetic Amines

(1)

Cardiovascular Assist Devices

(1)

Acute Pulmonary Edema

(1)

Diastolic Heart Failure

(1)

Congenital Heart Disease

(5)

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

(1)

Coarctation of the Aorta

(2)

Pulmonic Valve Stenosis

(1)

Atrial Septal Defect

(1)

Ventricular Septal Defect

(1)

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

(1)

Tetralogy of Fallot

(1)

General Considerations in the Evaluation and Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

(1)

Acquired Valvular Heart Disease

(8)

General Considerations

(1)

Aortic Stenosis

(1)

Aortic Regurgitation

(2)

Mitral Stenosis

(1)

Mitral Regurgitation

(1)

Mitral Valve Prolapse

(1)

Tricuspid Stenosis

(1)

Tricuspid Regurgitation

(1)

Pulmonic Stenosis and Regurgitation

(1)

Multivalvular Disease

(1)

Rheumatic Fever

(1)

Prosthetic Valves

(2)

Coronary Heart Disease

(16)

Atherosclerosis

(1)

Risk Factors

(1)

Nonatherosclerotic Causes of Coronary Artery Obstruction

(1)

Nonobstructive Causes of Ischemic Heart Disease

(1)

Pathophysiology of Ischemic Heart Disease

(1)

Angina Pectoris

(2)

Medical Management of Angina

(2)

Coronary Bypass Surgery and Coronary Angioplasty for Angina Pectoris

(1)

Variant Angina

(1)

Acute Myocardial Infarction

(2)

Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction

(1)

Thrombolytic Therapy and Primary Coronary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction

(2)

Other Measures

(1)

Non-Q Wave Myocardial Infarction

(1)

Complications of Myocardial Infarction and Their Management

(3)

Arrhythmias

(25)

Mechanisms of Arrhthymogenesis

(2)

Approach to the Patient with Suspected or Confirmed Arrhythmias

(1)

Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias

(8)

Specific Arrhythmias

(12)

Principles of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

(2)

Myocardial and Pericardial Disease

(6)

Myocardial Disease

(2)

Pericardial Disease

(4)

Cardiac Tumors and Trauma

100

(2)

Cardiac Tumors

100

(1)

Nonpenetrating Trauma

100

(1)

Penetrating Trauma

101

(1)

Aortic and Peripheral Vascular Disease

102

(5)

Aortic Aneurysms

102

(1)

Aortic Dissection

102

(1)

Aortic Arteritis

102

(1)

Miscellaneous Aortic Disease

103

(1)

Peripheral Vascular Disease

103

(2)

Peripheral Aneurysms and Fistulas

105

(1)

Arterial Trauma

105

(1)

Peripheral Venous Disease

105

(1)

Deep Vein Thrombosis

106

(1)

Other Cardiac Topics

107

(4)

Transplantation

107

(1)

Surgery

107

(1)

Pregnancy

108

(3)

Section II RESPIRATORY DISEASE

111

(54)

Approach to the Patient with Respiratory Disease

113

(4)

Common Presenting Complaints

113

(1)

Physical Examination

114

(3)

Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations

117

(9)

The Airway

117

(1)

Ventilation

117

(4)

The Blood Vessels

121

(2)

Pulmonary Gas Exchange

123

(1)

Nonpulmonary Factors

124

(1)

Growth and Aging of the Normal Lung

124

(1)

Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung

125

(1)

Diagnostic Techniques and their Indications

126

(5)

Imaging Procedures

126

(1)

Pulmonary Function Evaluation

126

(5)

Obstructive Lung Disease

131

(9)

Pathophysiology of Airway Obstruction

131

(1)

Asthma

132

(1)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

133

(1)

Emphysema

134

(1)

Small Airway Disease

134

(1)

Chronic Bronchitis

134

(1)

Bronchiectasis

134

(1)

Cystic Fibrosis

135

(1)

Treatment

136

(1)

Pharmacologic Therapy

136

(1)

Oxygen

137

(1)

Antibiotics and Vaccines

137

(1)

Smoking Cessation

138

(1)

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

138

(1)

Volume Reduction Surgery and Lung Transplantation

138

(2)

Diffuse Infiltrative Diseases of the Lung

140

(6)

Clinical Manifestations

140

(1)

Specific Entities

140

(5)

Treatment

145

(1)

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

146

(4)

Physiologic Effects of Pulmonary Hypertension

146

(1)

Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension

146

(1)

Pulmonary Embolism

146

(3)

Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

149

(1)

Disorders of the Pleural Space, Mediastinum, and Chest Wall

150

(5)

Pleural Disease

150

(2)

Mediastinal Disease

152

(1)

Chest Wall Disease

153

(2)

Neoplastic Diseases of the Lung

155

(4)

Lung Tumor Biology

155

(1)

Pathology

155

(1)

Clinical Presentation

156

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

156

(1)

Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

157

(1)

Treatment and Prognosis

158

(1)

Control of Breathing in Disease States

159

(3)

Sleep Apnea Syndrome

159

(2)

Breathing Pattern Abnormalities Associated with Neurologic Disease

161

(1)

Neuromuscular Disease

161

(1)

Inhalational and Environmental Injury

162

(3)

Drowning and Near-Drowning

162

(1)

Diseases of Altitude

162

(1)

Smoke Inhalation Injury

163

(1)

Noxious Gases and Fumes

163

(2)

Section III PULMONARY CRITICAL CARE

165

(8)

Essentials of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine

167

(6)

Shock

167

(1)

Acute Respiratory Failure

168

(1)

Oxygen Therapy and Mechanical Ventilation

168

(2)

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Sepsis, and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

170

(3)

Section IV RENAL DISEASE

173

(80)

Elements of Renal Structure and Function

175

(8)

Elements of Renal Structure

175

(2)

Elements of Renal Physiology

177

(4)

Renal Homeostatic Functions

181

(2)

Approach to the Patient with Renal Disease

183

(5)

Clinical Assessment of the Patient with Renal Disease

183

(2)

The Major Renal Syndromes

185

(1)

Anatomic Imaging of the Urinary Tract

186

(2)

Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders

188

(17)

Volume Disorders

188

(3)

Osmolality Disorders

191

(1)

Hyponatremia

192

(2)

Hypernatremic Disorders

194

(1)

Disturbances in Potassium Balance

195

(3)

Disturbances in Acid-Base Balance

198

(7)

Glomerular Diseases

205

(12)

The Glomerulus

205

(1)

Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury

205

(1)

Clinical Manifestations of Glomerular Disease

205

(1)

Approach to the Patient with Glomerular Disease

206

(1)

Acute Nephritic Syndrome

207

(1)

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

208

(1)

Nephrotic Syndrome

209

(5)

Asymptomatic Urinary Abnormalities

214

(2)

Chronic Glomerulonephritis (CGN)

216

(1)

Major Nonglomerular Disorders

217

(10)

Tubulointerstitial Nephropathy

217

(3)

Cystic Diseases of the Kidney

220

(1)

Urinary Tract Obstruction

221

(1)

Nephrolithiasis

222

(2)

Renal Tumors

224

(3)

Hypertension and Vascular Disorders of the Kidney

227

(8)

Arterial Hypertension

227

(4)

Vascular Disorders of the Kidney

231

(4)

Acute Renal Failure

235

(8)

Definition and Etiology

235

(1)

Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Evaluation of the Patient

235

(3)

Clinical Presentation, Complications, and Management of Acute Tubular Necrosis

238

(2)

Specific Causes of Acute Renal Failure

240

(3)

Chronic Renal Failure

243

(10)

Adaptation to Nephron Loss

243

(2)

Clinical Manifestations of Renal Failure

245

(3)

Kidney Transplantation

248

(5)

Section V GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE

253

(66)

The Common Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disease

255

(21)

Abdominal Pain

255

(3)

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

258

(4)

Malabsorption

262

(7)

Diarrhea

269

(7)

Radiographic and Endoscopic Procedures in Gastroenterology

276

(6)

Radiographic Procedures

276

(3)

Endoscopic Procedures

279

(3)

Diseases of the Esophagus

282

(6)

Normal Esophageal Physiology

282

(1)

Clinical Symptoms of Esophageal Disease

282

(1)

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

283

(2)

Motility Disorders of the Oropharynx and Esophagus

285

(1)

Other Esophageal Disorders

286

(2)

Diseases of the Stomach and Duodenum

288

(11)

Normal Gastric Physiology

288

(2)

Gastritis

290

(1)

Peptic Ulcer Disease of the Stomach and Duodenum

291

(5)

The Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

296

(1)

Abnormalities of Gastric Emptying

297

(2)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

299

(6)

Definition

299

(1)

Etiology and Pathogenesis

299

(1)

Pathology

299

(1)

Clinical Manifestations

300

(1)

Diagnosis

301

(1)

Treatment and Prognosis

301

(2)

Complications

303

(1)

Ischemic Colitis

303

(1)

Diverticulitis

304

(1)

Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract

305

(7)

Carcinoma of the Esophagus

305

(1)

Carcinoma of the Stomach

306

(1)

Carcinoma of the Colon

307

(2)

Polyps of the Gastrointestinal Tract

309

(1)

The Familial Polyposis Syndromes

310

(2)

The Pancreas

312

(7)

Normal Structure and Function

312

(1)

Acute Pancreatitis

313

(2)

Chronic Pancreatitis

315

(2)

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

317

(2)

Section VI DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM

319

(34)

Laboratory Tests in Liver Disease

321

(2)

Clinical Approach to Liver Disease

321

(1)

Laboratory Tests of Liver Function and Disease

321

(1)

Tests of Hepatic Function

321

(1)

Screening Tests of Hepatobiliary Disease

321

(2)

Liver Biopsy

323

(1)

Jaundice

323

(6)

Definition

324

(1)

Bilirubin Metabolism

324

(1)

Laboratory Tests for Bilirubin

324

(1)

Clinical Classification of Jaundice

324

(3)

Approach to the Diagnosis of Jaundice

327

(2)

Acute and Chronic Hepatitis

329

(8)

Definition

329

(1)

Acute Hepatitis

329

(6)

Chronic Hepatitis

335

(2)

Fulminant Hepatic Failure

337

(2)

Diagnosis

337

(1)

Treatment

337

(1)

Hepatic Transplantation

338

(1)

Prognosis

338

(1)

Cirrhosis of the Liver and its Complications

339

(6)

Definition

339

(1)

Clinical and Laboratory Features

339

(1)

Specific Causes of Cirrhosis

339

(1)

Major Complications of Cirrhosis

340

(4)

Hepatic Transplantation

344

(1)

Neoplastic, Infiltrative, and Vascular Diseases of the Liver

345

(3)

Hepatic Neoplasms

345

(1)

Liver Abscess

346

(1)

Granulomatous Liver Disease

346

(1)

Vascular Disease of the Liver

347

(1)

Disorders of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract

348

(5)

Normal Biliary Physiology

348

(1)

Pathophysiology of Gallstone Formation (Cholelithiasis)

348

(1)

Clinical Manifestations of Gallstones

349

(4)

Section VII HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE

353

(70)

The Blood and Bone Marrow

355

(3)

The Blood

355

(1)

The Bone Marrow

355

(3)

Disorders of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell

358

(9)

The Myeloaplastic Disorders

358

(1)

The Myelodysplastic Disorders

359

(3)

Myeloproliferative Disorders

362

(2)

Acute Leukemia

364

(3)

Disorders of Lymphocytes

367

(10)

Ontology of Lymphocytes

367

(1)

Localization of Lymphocytes

368

(1)

Disorders of the Lymphatic System

369

(5)

Plasma Cell Disorders

374

(3)

Disorders of Granulocytes and Monocytes

377

(4)

Neutrophil Structure and Function

377

(1)

Monocyte Structure and Function

378

(1)

Neutropenia

378

(1)

Neutrophil Leukocytosis

379

(1)

Eosinophilia

380

(1)

Disorders of Red Cells

381

(17)

Shape and Structure of Red Cells

381

(1)

Birth and Death of Red Cells

381

(1)

Anemia

381

(17)

Transfusion and Bone Marrow Transplantation

398

(5)

Transfusion

398

(3)

Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT)

401

(2)

Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

403

(8)

Primary Hemostasis

403

(1)

Quantitative Platelet Disorders

404

(3)

Thrombocytosis

407

(1)

Qualitative Platelet Disorders

408

(1)

Vascular Purpuras

408

(1)

Plasma Protein Disorders Affecting Primary Hemostasis

409

(2)

Blood Coagulation and its Disorders

411

(12)

Secondary Hemostasis and Clot Stabilization

411

(5)

Factor Inhibitors

416

(1)

Natural Anticoagulants and the Fibrinolytic Pathway

416

(1)

Primary Hypercoagulable States

417

(2)

Secondary Hypercoagulable States

419

(1)

Therapy of Thromboembolic Disease

419

(4)

Section VIII ONCOLOGIC DISEASE

423

(18)

General Considerations in Oncology

425

(7)

Etiology

425

(3)

Screening for Early Cancer Detection

428

(1)

Systemic Effects of Cancer

429

(3)

Principles of Cancer Therapy

432

(6)

Forming a Treatment Plan

432

(1)

Principles of Oncologic Surgery

432

(1)

Principles of Radiation Therapy

433

(1)

Principles of Chemotherapy

434

(2)

Hormonal Therapy

436

(1)

Biologic Response Modifiers

436

(2)

Oncologic Emergencies

438

(3)

Hypercalcemia

438

(1)

Spinal Cord Compression

438

(2)

Increased Intracranial Pressure

440

(1)

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

440

(1)

Section IX METABOLIC DISEASE

441

(34)

Introduction to Metabolic Disease

443

(2)

Eating Disorders

445

(6)

Obesity

445

(2)

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

447

(4)

Principles of Nutritional Support in Adult Patients

451

(3)

Nutritional Assessment

451

(1)

Route of Nutritional Support

451

(1)

Water

451

(1)

Calories and Protein

451

(2)

Vitamins and Minerals

453

(1)

Home Nutritional Support

453

(1)

Hyperuricemia and Gout

454

(4)

Prevalence

454

(1)

Mechanisms of Hyperuricemia

454

(1)

Pathogenesis of Gout Arthritis

454

(1)

Pathogenesis of Renal Disease

454

(1)

Pathogenesis of Tophi

455

(1)

Clinical Features

455

(1)

Treatment

456

(2)

Disorders of Lipid Metabolism

458

(6)

Plasma Lipoprotein Physiology

458

(1)

Evaluation of Serum Lipoprotein Concentrations

458

(1)

Elevated Chylomicrons, VLDL, and IDL

459

(1)

Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia

460

(2)

Elevated LDL

462

(1)

Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia

462

(1)

Lipids and Vascular Disease

463

(1)

Disorders of Metals and Metalloproteins

464

(6)

Wilson's Disease

464

(1)

Hemochromatosis

465

(1)

The Porphyrias

466

(4)

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism

470

(3)

Homocystinemia

470

(1)

Cystinuria

470

(3)

Inherited Disorders of Connective Tissue

473

(2)

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

473

(1)

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

473

(1)

Marfan's Syndrome

473

(1)

Mucopolysaccharidoses

474

(1)

Section X ENDOCRINE DISEASE

475

(78)

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

477

(10)

Anatomy

477

(1)

Anterior Pituitary Hormone Physiology and Testing

477

(3)

Neuroradiologic Evaluation of the Pituitary

480

(1)

Pituitary and Hypothalamic Disorders

481

(1)

Hypothalamic Dysfunction

481

(1)

Hypopituitarism

481

(1)

Empty Sella Syndrome

482

(1)

Pituitary Tumors

483

(2)

The Posterior Pituitary Gland

485

(1)

485

(1)

Siadh

486

(1)

The Thyroid Gland

487

(10)

Thyroid Hormone Physiology

487

(1)

Thyroid Evaluation

488

(1)

Hyperthyroidism

489

(1)

Graves' Disease

490

(1)

Toxic Adenoma

491

(1)

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

491

(1)

Thyroiditis

491

(1)

Thyrotoxicosis Factitia

492

(1)

Rare Causes of Thyrotoxicosis

492

(1)

Hypothyroidism

492

(2)

Goiter

494

(1)

Solitary Thyroid Nodules

494

(1)

Thyroid Carcinoma

495

(2)

Adrenal Gland

497

(12)

Physiology

497

(1)

Adrenal Insufficiency

498

(3)

Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism

501

(1)

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

501

(1)

Syndromes of Adrenocorticoid Hyperfunction

502

(7)

Female Reproductive Endocrinology

509

(10)

Normal Sexual Development

509

(1)

Precocious Puberty

509

(2)

Amenorrhea

511

(3)

Hirsutism

514

(3)

Infertility

517

(1)

Dysmenorrhea

517

(1)

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

517

(1)

Menopause

518

(1)

Cancer of the Breast, Cervix, Uterus, and Ovary

519

(6)

Cancer of the Breast

519

(1)

Carcinoma of the Cervix

520

(1)

Cancer of the Uterus

521

(2)

Ovarian Carcinoma

523

(2)

Male Reproductive Endocrinology

525

(8)

Hypogonadism

525

(4)

Primary Gonadal Abnormalities

529

(1)

Defects in Androgen Action

529

(1)

Impotence

529

(1)

Gynecomastia

529

(1)

Testicular Tumors

530

(1)

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

531

(1)

Carcinoma of the Prostate

531

(2)

Diabetes Mellitus

533

(13)

Basic Classification

533

(2)

Diagnosis

535

(1)

Pathogenesis

535

(1)

Treatment of Diabetes

536

(3)

Complications

539

(7)

Hypoglycemia

546

(7)

Definition of a Low Blood Glucose Level

546

(1)

Normal Physiology

546

(1)

Causes of Hypoglycemia

547

(3)

Diagnostic Work-Up for Hypoglycemia

550

(1)

Treatment

550

(3)

Section XI DISEASES OF BONE AND BONE MINERAL METABOLISM

553

(34)

Normal Physiology of Bone and Bone Minerals

555

(9)

Bone Structure and Metabolism

555

(1)

Calcium Metabolism

555

(2)

Phosphorus Metabolism

557

(2)

Magnesium Metabolism

559

(2)

Vitamin D

561

(1)

Calcitonin

562

(2)

The Parathyroid Glands, Hypercalcemia, and Hypocalcemia

564

(9)

Normal Physiology

564

(1)

Hypercalcemia

564

(5)

Hypocalcemia

569

(4)

Osteomalacia and Rickets

573

(4)

Pathogenesis

573

(1)

Specific Causes

573

(2)

Clinical Manifestations

575

(1)

Laboratory and Radiographic Features

575

(1)

Diagnosis

576

(1)

Treatment

576

(1)

Osteoporosis

577

(7)

General Considerations

577

(1)

Etiology and Pathogenesis

577

(2)

Clinical Manifestations

579

(1)

Radiographic Findings

579

(1)

Diagnosis

579

(2)

Treatment

581

(1)

Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Loss

582

(2)

Paget's Disease of Bone

584

(3)

Incidence and Prevalence

584

(1)

Etiology

584

(1)

Pathology and Pathophysiology

584

(1)

Clinical Picture

584

(1)

Associated Conditions

585

(1)

Laboratory Assessment

585

(1)

Treatment

585

(2)

Sectiion XII MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE

587

(50)

Approach to the Patient with Musculoskeletal Disease

589

(5)

Laboratory Tests

589

(3)

Radiologic Evaluation

592

(2)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

594

(4)

Pathogenesis

594

(1)

Clinical Manifestations

594

(2)

Treatment

596

(2)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

598

(5)

Etiology and Pathogenesis

598

(1)

Clinical Features

599

(2)

Laboratory Evaluation

601

(1)

Treatment

601

(2)

Sjogren's Syndrome

603

(2)

Clinical Features

603

(1)

Diagnosis

603

(1)

Treatment

604

(1)

Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies

605

(3)

Clinical Course

605

(1)

Diagnostic and Laboratory Findings

606

(1)

Treatment

606

(2)

Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)

608

(4)

Localized Scleroderma

608

(1)

Limited Systemic Sclerosis (CREST Variant)

608

(1)

Diffuse Systemic Sclerosis

608

(1)

Scleroderma Sine Scleroderma

608

(1)

Clinical Features

608

(2)

Differential Diagnosis

610

(1)

Treatment

611

(1)

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, Overlap Syndrome, and Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome

612

(2)

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Overlap Syndrome

612

(1)

Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome

612

(2)

Vasculitides

614

(6)

Classification

614

(1)

Immunopathogenesis

614

(1)

Hypersensitivity Angiitis

614

(1)

Polyarteritis Nodosa

615

(1)

Allergic Vasculitis of Churg and Strauss

616

(1)

Wegener's Granulomatosis

616

(1)

Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis

617

(3)

The Spondyloarthropathies

620

(4)

Ankylosing Spondylitis

620

(1)

Reiter's Syndrome

621

(2)

Psoriatic Arthritis

623

(1)

Arthritis Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

623

(1)

Osteoarthritis

624

(3)

Classification

624

(1)

Etiology and Pathogenesis

624

(1)

Clinical Features

624

(2)

Differential Diagnosis

626

(1)

Treatment

626

(1)

The Crystal-Induced Arthropathies

627

(2)

Chondrocalcinosis and Associated Disorders

627

(2)

Miscellaneous Forms of Arthritis

629

(5)

Musculoskeletal Syndromes Associated with Malignancy

629

(1)

Arthropathies Associated with Endocrine Diseases

630

(1)

Additional Miscellaneous Disorders

631

(3)

Nonarticular Rheumatism

634

(3)

Painful Shoulder

634

(1)

Bursitis

634

(1)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

634

(1)

Fibromyalgia Syndrome

635

(2)

Section XIII INFECTIOUS DISEASE

637

(144)

Organisms that Infect Humans

639

(6)

Viruses

639

(1)

Chlamydiae

639

(1)

Rickettsiae

639

(1)

Mycoplasmas

640

(1)

Bacteria

640

(2)

Fungi

642

(1)

Protozoans

643

(1)

Helminths

643

(2)

Host Defenses Against Infection

645

(8)

Local Barriers to Infection

645

(1)

Components of the Immune System

646

(3)

Nonspecific Effector Mechanisms

649

(1)

Resistance to Extracellur Bacteria

650

(1)

Resistance to Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Viruses

651

(1)

Resistance to Faculative Intracellular Parasites: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

652

(1)

Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

653

(4)

Diagnosis by Direct Visualization of the Organism

653

(1)

Diagnosis by Detection of Microbial Antigens

654

(1)

Diagnosis by Examination of Host Immune or Inflammatory Responses

655

(1)

Diagnosis by Detection of Microbial Nucleotide Sequences

655

(1)

Diagnosis by Isolation of the Organism in Culture

655

(2)

Antimicrobial Therapy

657

(6)

The Pathogen

657

(1)

Site of Infection

657

(2)

Characteristics of the Antimicrobial

659

(1)

Route of Administration

660

(1)

Monitoring of Antimicrobial Therapy

660

(1)

Antiviral Agents

660

(1)

Antifungal Agents

661

(2)

Fever and Febrile Syndromes

663

(14)

Regulation of Body Temperature

663

(1)

Fever and Hyperthermia

663

(2)

Acute Febrile Syndromes

665

(8)

Fuo

673

(4)

Bacteremia

677

(5)

Epidemiology

677

(1)

Pathogenesis

678

(1)

Clinical Manifestations

679

(1)

Diagnosis

680

(1)

Therapy

680

(2)

Infections of the Nervous System

682

(11)

Meningitis

683

(5)

Encephalitis

688

(2)

Spectrum of Tuberculous, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections

690

(3)

Infections of the Head and Neck

693

(6)

Infections of the Ear

693

(1)

Infections of the Nose and Sinuses

693

(1)

Infections of the Mouth and Pharynx

694

(5)

Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract

699

(9)

Pathogenesis of Pneumonia

699

(1)

Epidemiology

699

(1)

Diagnostic Approach to the Patient

700

(1)

Radiographic Patterns in Patients with Pneumonia

700

(1)

Other Laboratory Findings

701

(1)

Diagnosis and Management of the Patient with Pneumonia

701

(1)

Specific Pathogenic Organisms

702

(3)

Treatment and Outcome

705

(2)

Prevention

707

(1)

Infections of the Heart and Vessels

708

(7)

Infective Endocarditis (IE)

708

(4)

Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis (PVE)

712

(1)

Prophylaxis of Infective Endocarditis

712

(1)

Bacterial Endarteritis and Suppurative Phlebitis

713

(2)

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

715

(5)

Superficial Infections of the Skin

715

(4)

Deeper Infections of the Skin and Soft Tissue

719

(1)

Intra-Abdominal Abscess and Peritonitis

720

(4)

Intra-Abdominal Abscess

720

(1)

Abscesses of Solid Organs

720

(2)

Extravisceral Abscesses

722

(1)

Peritonitis

722

(2)

Acute Infectious Diarrhea

724

(6)

Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology: General Concepts

724

(1)

Types of Microbial Diarrheal Diseases

724

(2)

General Epidemiologic Considerations

726

(1)

Diagnosis

727

(1)

Management: General Principles of Electrolyte Repletion Therapy

727

(3)

Infections Involving Bones and Joints

730

(4)

Arthritis

730

(2)

Septic Bursitis

732

(1)

Osteomyelitis

732

(2)

Infections of the Urinary Tract

734

(3)

Urethritis

734

(1)

Cystitis and Pyelonephritis

734

(2)

Prostatitis

736

(1)

Nosocomial Infections

737

(4)

Approach to the Hospitalized Patient with Suspected Nosocomial Infection

737

(1)

Nosocomial Pneumonia

738

(1)

Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections

739

(1)

Pressure Sores

739

(1)

Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection

739

(2)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

741

(8)

Genital Sores

741

(4)

Urethritis, Cervicitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

745

(4)

HIV Infection and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

749

(20)

Epidemiology

749

(2)

Pathophysiology

751

(2)

Diagnosis and Testing for HIV Infection

753

(2)

Sequential Clinical Manifestations of HIV-1 Infection

755

(1)

Management of HIV Infection

756

(3)

Management of Specific Clinical Manifestations of Immunodeficiency: A Problem-Oriented Approach

759

(1)

Mucocutaneous Diseases

759

(2)

Nervous System Diseases

761

(2)

Pulmonary Diseases

763

(1)

Gastrointestinal Diseases

764

(2)

Other Complications of HIV Infection

766

(1)

Prevention of HIV Infection

767

(2)

Infections in the Immunocompromised Host

769

(4)

Disorders of Cell-Mediated Immunity

769

(1)

Disorders of Humoral Immunity

769

(1)

Impaired Neutrophil Function

770

(1)

Neutropenia

770

(1)

Diagnostic Problems in the Compromised Host

771

(1)

Prevention and Treatment of Infections in the Neutropenic Patient

772

(1)

Infectious Diseases of Travelers; Protozoal and Helminthic Infections

773

(8)

Preparation of Travelers

773

(2)

The Returning Traveler

775

(1)

Protozoal and Helminthic Infections

776

(5)

Section XIV NEUROLOGIC DISEASE

781

(148)

Neurologic Evaluation of the Patient

783

(6)

The Neurologic History

783

(1)

The Neurologic Examination

784

(1)

Diagnostic Tests: Scope and Limitations

785

(4)

Disorders of Consciousness and Higher Brain Function

789

(14)

Sleep and Its Disorders

789

(1)

Pathologic Alterations of Consciousness

790

(6)

Focal Disturbances of Higher Brain Function

796

(3)

Dementia

799

(4)

Disorders of Mood and Behavior

803

(12)

Psychiatric Disorders

803

(4)

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

807

(8)

Disorders of Autonomic Function

815

(3)

Hypothalamus (HT)

815

(2)

Central and Peripheral Autonomic Insufficiencies

817

(1)

Disorders of Sensory Function

818

(21)

Pain and Painful Syndromes

818

(8)

The Special Senses

826

(13)

Disorders of the Motor System

839

(19)

Mechanisms of Normal and Abnormal Motor Function

839

(6)

Movement Disorders

845

(4)

The Major Cerebellar Ataxias

849

(3)

Mechanical Lesions of the Spine and Spinal Cord

852

(6)

Cerebrovascular Disease

858

(16)

Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Cerebral Circulation

858

(1)

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

859

(1)

Ischemic Stroke

860

(8)

Spontaneous Parenchymal Cerebral Hemorrhage

868

(3)

Intracranial Aneurysms

871

(2)

Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)

873

(1)

Trauma to the Head and Spine

874

(5)

Head/Brain Injury

874

(3)

Spinal Cord Injury

877

(2)

Epilepsy

879

(9)

Incidence and General Etiology

879

(1)

Pathophysiology

879

(1)

Clinical Seizure Patterns

879

(5)

Management

884

(4)

Intracranial Neoplasms, CNS Complications of Cancer, and States of Altered Intracranial Pressure

888

(10)

Intracranial Neoplasms

888

(5)

Spinal Neoplasms

893

(1)

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

893

(2)

Non-Neoplastic Alterations of Intracranial Pressure

895

(3)

Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System

898

(9)

Bacterial Infections of the Brain

898

(4)

Slow Virus Infections of the Nervous System

902

(1)

Demyelinating and Other CNS Inflammatory Disorders of Probable Immune Cause

903

(4)

Motor Nerve, Nerve Root, Peripheral Nerve, and Neurocutaneous Disorders

907

(14)

Peripheral Nerve Disorders

907

(3)

Mono- and Polyneuropathies Affecting Somatic Cranial Nerve Functions

910

(3)

Neurocutaneous Syndromes

913

(1)

The Motor Neuron Dieseases

913

(2)

Focal Radiculopathy and Neuropathy

915

(4)

Polyneuropathy

919

(2)

Disorders of Myoneural Junction and Skeletal Muscle

921

(8)

Disorders of Myoneural Junction

921

(2)

Disorders of Skeletal Muscle

923

(6)

Section XV THE AGING PATIENT

929

(10)

The Biology of Aging

931

(8)

The Demographics of Aging and Implications for Health Care

931

(2)

Assessment of the Older Patient

933

(2)

Common and Often Inadequately Assessed Medical Problems of the Elderly

935

(4)

Section XVI SUBSTANCE ABUSE

939

(12)

Alcohol and Substance Abuse

941

(10)

Screening

941

(1)

Tobacco and Alcohol Abuse

941

(4)

Prescription Drug Abuse

945

(2)

Illicit Drug Abuse

947

(4)

Appendix: Commonly Measured Laboratory Values

951

(4)

Index

955

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