The Art of Systems Architecting

by Rechtin, Eberhardt; Maier, Mark W.

ISBN13: 9780849378362

ISBN10: 0849378362

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 1996-11-01

Publisher(s): CRC Pr I Llc

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Summary

Today's architecting must handle systems of types unknown until very recently. New domains, including personal computers, intersatellite networks, health services, and joint service command and control are calling for new architectures-and for architects specializing in those domains. Since the original publication, of this bestselling text, these new and emerging fields have contributed architectural concepts and tools of their own to the relatively new formalism-and evolving profession-called Systems Architecting. The Art of Systems Architecting, Second Edition restates and extends into the future the classical architecting paradigm, incorporating the most broadly applicable of these contributions. It remains the most innovative, insightful treatment available to the discipline, providing both the academic and the industrial communities with the up-to-date tools, concepts, and techniques needed to conceive and build complex systems.

Introduction--The Art of Architecting	p. 1
A brief review of classical architecting methods	p. 1
Different methods for different phases of architecting	p. 3
Extending the Architecting Paradigm	p. 5
Introduction: the classical architecting paradigm	p. 5
Responding to complexity	p. 5
The high rate of advances in the computer and information sciences	p. 7
The foundations of modern systems architecting	p. 8
A systems approach	p. 8
A purpose orientation	p. 10
A modeling methodology	p. 11
Ultraquality implementation	p. 12
Certification	p. 15
Insights and heuristics	p. 17
The architecture paradigm summarized	p. 18
The waterfall model of systems acquisition	p. 19
Spirals, increments, and collaborative assembly	p. 21
Summary and conclusions	p. 23
Notes and references	p. 23
Heuristics as Tools	p. 25
Introduction: a metaphor	p. 25
Heuristics as abstractions of experience	p. 26
Selecting a personal kit of heuristic tools	p. 27
Using heuristics	p. 30
Heuristics on heuristics	p. 31
Generating useful heuristics	p. 31
Applying heuristics	p. 32
A taxonomy of heuristics	p. 32
New directions	p. 33
Summary	p. 34
Notes and references	p. 34
New Domains, New Insights	p. 37
Builder-Architected Systems	p. 39
Introduction: the form-first paradigm	p. 39
Incremental development for an existing customer	p. 39
New markets for existing products	p. 40
New products, new markets	p. 40
Technological substitutions within existing systems	p. 41
Consequences of uncertainty of end purpose	p. 42
Reducing the risks of uncertainty of end purpose	p. 43
Risk management by intermediate goals	p. 43
The "what next" quandary	p. 44
Controlling the critical features of the architecture	p. 45
Abandonment of an obsolete architecture	p. 46
Creating innovative teams	p. 47
Architecting "revolutionary" systems	p. 49
Systems architecting and basic research	p. 50
Heuristics for architecting technology-driven systems	p. 51
General	p. 51
Specialized	p. 52
Summary	p. 52
Exercises	p. 52
Notes and references	p. 53
Manufacturing Systems	p. 55
Introduction: the manufacturing domain	p. 55
Architectural innovations in manufacturing	p. 56
Ultraquality systems	p. 56
Dynamic manufacturing systems	p. 58
Intersecting waterfalls	p. 58
The spiral-to-circle model	p. 60
Concurrent engineering	p. 63
Feedback systems	p. 64
Lean production	p. 68
Flexible manufacturing	p. 71
Heuristics for architecting manufacturing systems	p. 73
In conclusion	p. 73
Exercises	p. 74
Notes and references	p. 74
Social Systems	p. 77
Introduction: defining sociotechnical systems	p. 77
Public participation	p. 77
The foundations of sociotechnical systems architecting	p. 78
The separation of client and user	p. 79
Socioeconomic insights	p. 79
The interaction between the public and private sectors	p. 82
Facts vs. perceptions: an added tension	p. 83
Heuristics for social systems	p. 85
In conclusion	p. 86
Exercises	p. 86
Notes and references	p. 87
Software and Information Technology Systems	p. 89
Introduction: The status of software architecting	p. 89
Software as a system component	p. 92
Software for modern systems	p. 93
Systems, software, and process models	p. 94
Waterfalls for software?	p. 95
Spirals for hardware?	p. 97
Integration: spirals and circles	p. 98
The problem of hierarchy	p. 101
Object-orientation	p. 102
Layered design	p. 103
Large, autonomous components	p. 105
Reconciling the hierarchies	p. 105
The role of architecture in software-centered systems	p. 106
Programming languages, models, and expressions	p. 107
Architectures, "unifying" models, and visions	p. 108
Directions in software architecting	p. 109
Architectural styles	p. 110
Architecture through composition	p. 113
Heuristics and guidelines in software	p. 114
Exercises	p. 117
Notes and references	p. 118
Collaborative Systems	p. 119
Introduction: collaboration as a category	p. 119
Collaborative system examples	p. 120
The Internet	p. 120
Intelligent transportation systems	p. 123
Joint air defense systems	p. 125
Analogies for architecting collaborative systems	p. 125
Collaborative system heuristics	p. 126
Stable intermediate forms	p. 127
Policy triage	p. 127
Leverage at the interfaces	p. 128
Ensuring cooperation	p. 129
Variations on the collaborative theme	p. 129
Misclassification	p. 131
Standards and collaborative systems	p. 133
Conclusions	p. 135
Exercises	p. 136
Notes and references	p. 136
Exercise to Close Part Two	p. 137
Models and Modeling	p. 139
Introduction to Part Three	p. 139
A civil architecture analogy	p. 139
Guide to Part Three	p. 140
Representation Models and System Architecting	p. 143
Introduction: roles, views, and models	p. 143
Roles of models	p. 144
Models, viewpoints, and views	p. 145
Classification of models by view	p. 146
Note to the reader	p. 147
Objectives and purpose models	p. 148
Models of form	p. 150
Scale models	p. 150
Block diagrams	p. 151
Behavioral (functional) models	p. 153
Threads and scenarios	p. 154
Data and event flow networks	p. 155
Mathematical systems theory	p. 155
Autonomous agent, chaotic systems	p. 157
Public choice and behavior models	p. 157
Performance models	p. 158
Formal methods	p. 159
Data models	p. 160
Managerial models	p. 162
Examples of interated models	p. 162
Summary	p. 163
Exercises	p. 164
Notes and references	p. 165
Design Progression in System Architecting	p. 167
Introduction: architecting process components	p. 167
Design progression	p. 168
Introduction by examples	p. 169
Design as the evolution of models	p. 170
Evaluation criteria and heuristic refinement	p. 170
Progression of emphasis	p. 172
Concurrent progressions	p. 172
Episodic nature	p. 173
Design concepts for systems architecture	p. 174
Historical approaches to architecting	p. 174
Specialized and formalized heuristics	p. 176
Scoping, aggregation, partitioning, and certification	p. 177
Scoping	p. 177
Aggregation and partitioning	p. 180
Certification	p. 181
Certainty, rationality, and choice	p. 183
Stopping or progressing?	p. 186
Architecture and design disciplines	p. 189
Architecture and patterns	p. 191
Conclusions	p. 193
Exercises	p. 194
Notes and references	p. 194
Integrated Modeling Methodologies	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
General integrated models	p. 197
Hatley/Pirbhai--computer-based reactive systems	p. 198
Example: microsatellite imaging system	p. 199
Quantitative QFD (Q[superscript 2]FD)--performance-driven systems	p. 201
Integrated modeling and software	p. 203
Structured analysis and design	p. 204
ADARTS	p. 208
OMT	p. 211
UML	p. 213
Performance integration: scheduling	p. 215
Integrated models for manufacturing systems	p. 216
Integrated models for sociotechnical systems	p. 217
Conclusions	p. 219
Exercises	p. 219
Notes and references	p. 219
Architecture Frameworks	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Defining an architecture framework	p. 222
Goals of the framework	p. 222
Understanding "architectural level"	p. 222
Organization of an architecture description framework	p. 223
Current architecture frameworks	p. 223
U.S. DoD C4ISR	p. 223
Summary information	p. 224
Operational view	p. 224
System view	p. 225
Technical view	p. 226
Evaluation of the C4ISR framework	p. 226
ISO RM-ODP	p. 227
Proprietary and semi-open information technology standards	p. 229
IEEE P1471	p. 230
P1471 concepts	p. 230
P1471 normative requirements	p. 232
Research directions	p. 232
Conclusions	p. 233
Notes and references	p. 233
The Systems Architecting Profession	p. 235
The Political Process and Systems Architecting	p. 237
Introduction: the political challenge	p. 237
Politics as a design factor	p. 238
The first skill to master	p. 239
Heuristics in the political process: "the facts of life"	p. 240
Fact of life #1	p. 241
Fact of life #2	p. 242
Fact of life #3	p. 243
Fact of life #4	p. 244
Fact of life #5	p. 245
A few more skills to master	p. 247
Conclusion	p. 248
The Professionalization of Systems Architecting	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
The profession of systems engineering	p. 249
Systems architecting and systems standards	p. 252
The origins of systems standards	p. 253
The ballistic missile program of the 1950s	p. 253
The beginning of a new era of standards	p. 254
EIA/IS 632, an architectural perspective	p. 255
Commercial standards	p. 256
IEEE 1220, an architectural perspective	p. 256
Company standards	p. 258
A summary of standards developments, 1950-1995	p. 259
Systems architecting graduate education	p. 259
Systems engineering universities and systems architecting	p. 259
Curriculum design	p. 261
Advanced study in systems architecting	p. 262
Professional societies and publications	p. 263
Conclusion: an assessment of the profession	p. 263
Notes and references	p. 264
Appendices
Heuristics for Systems-Level Architecting	p. 267
Introduction: organizing the list	p. 267
Heuristic tool list	p. 268
Multitask heuristics	p. 268
Scoping and planning	p. 270
Modeling	p. 272
Prioritizing (trades, options, and choices)	p. 273
Aggregating ("chunking")	p. 273
Partitioning (decompositioning)	p. 274
Integrating	p. 275
Certifying (system integrity, quality, and vision)	p. 275
Assessing performance, cost, schedule, and risk	p. 276
Rearchitecting, evolving, modifying, and adapting	p. 277
Exercises	p. 278
Notes and references	p. 278
Reference Texts for Suggested for Institutional Libraries	p. 279
Architecting background	p. 279
Management	p. 279
Modeling	p. 280
Specialty areas	p. 280
Software	p. 280
System sciences	p. 281
System thinking	p. 281
On Defining Architecture and Other Terms	p. 283
Defining "Architecture"	p. 283
Webster's Dictionary definition	p. 284
This book	p. 285
IEEE Architecture Working Group (AWG)	p. 285
INCOSE SAWG	p. 286
MIL-STD-498	p. 287
Perry-Garlan	p. 288
Maier's tongue-in-cheek rule of thumb	p. 288
Internet discussion	p. 289
Summary	p. 289
Models, viewpoints, and views	p. 289
Working definitions	p. 290
Consistency and completeness	p. 291
Notes and references	p. 291
Glossary	p. 193
Indexes	p. 297
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The Art of Systems Architecting

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