The Art of Systems Architecting, Second Edition

by Maier; Mark W.

Edition: 2nd

ISBN13: 9780849304408

ISBN10: 0849304407

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2000-06-28

Publisher(s): CRC

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Summary

Today's architecting must handle systems of types unknown until very recently. New domains, including personal computers, intersatellite networks, health services, and joint service command and control are calling for new architectures-and for architects specializing in those domains. Since the original publication, of this bestselling text, these new and emerging fields have contributed architectural concepts and tools of their own to the relatively new formalism-and evolving profession-called Systems Architecting.The Art of Systems Architecting, Second Edition restates and extends into the future the classical architecting paradigm, incorporating the most broadly applicable of these contributions. It remains the most innovative, insightful treatment available to the discipline, providing both the academic and the industrial communities with the up-to-date tools, concepts, and techniques needed to conceive and build complex systems.

Part One Introduction --- The Art of Architecting

(37)

A brief review of classical architecting methods

(4)

Different methods for different phases of architecting

(2)

Extending the Architecting Paradigm

(20)

Introduction: the classical architecting paradigm

(3)

Responding to complexity

(2)

The high rate of advances in the computer and information sciences

(1)

The foundations of modern systems architecting

(10)

A systems approach

(2)

A purpose orientation

(1)

A modeling methodology

(1)

Ultraquality implementation

(3)

Certification

(2)

Insights and heuristics

(1)

The architecture paradigm summarized

(1)

The waterfall model of systems acquisition

(2)

Spirals, increments, and collaborative assembly

(2)

Summary and conclusions

(1)

Notes and references

(2)

Heuristics as Tools

(12)

Introduction: a metaphor

(1)

Heuristics as abstractions of experience

(1)

Selecting a personal kit of heuristic tools

(3)

Using heuristics

(1)

Heuristics on heuristics

(1)

Generating useful heuristics

(1)

Applying heuristics

(1)

A taxonomy of heuristics

(1)

New directions

(1)

Summary

(1)

Notes and references

(3)

Part Two New Domains, New Insights

(102)

Builder-Architected Systems

(16)

Introduction: the form-first paradigm

(2)

Incremental development for an existing customer

(1)

New markets for existing products

(1)

New products, new markets

(1)

Technological substitutions within existing systems

(2)

Consequences of uncertainty of end purpose

(1)

Reducing the risks of uncertainty of end purpose

(1)

Risk management by intermediate goals

(1)

The ``what next'' quandary

(3)

Controlling the critical features of the architecture

(1)

Abandonment of an obsolete architecture

(1)

Creating innovative teams

(2)

Architecting ``revolutionary'' systems

(1)

Systems architecting and basic research

(1)

Heuristics for architecting technology-driven systems

(1)

General

(1)

Specialized

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Notes and references

(2)

Manufacturing Systems

(22)

Introduction: the manufacturing domain

(1)

Architectural innovations in manufacturing

(17)

Ultraquality systems

(2)

Dynamic manufacturing systems

(1)

Intersecting waterfalls

(2)

The spiral-to-circle model

(3)

Concurrent engineering

(1)

Feedback systems

(4)

Lean production

(3)

Flexible manufacturing

(2)

Heuristics for architecting manufacturing systems

(1)

In conclusion

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Notes and references

(3)

Social Systems

(12)

Introduction: defining sociotechnical systems

(1)

Public participation

(1)

The foundations of sociotechnical systems architecting

(4)

The separation of client and user

(1)

Socioeconomic insights

(3)

The interaction between the public and private sectors

(1)

Facts vs. perceptions: an added tension

(2)

Heuristics for social systems

(1)

In conclusion

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Notes and references

(2)

Software and Information Technology Systems

(30)

Introduction: The status of software architecting

(3)

Software as a system component

(14)

Software for modern systems

(1)

Systems, software, and process models

(1)

Waterfalls for software?

(2)

Spirals for hardware?

(1)

Integration: spirals and circles

(3)

The problem of hierarchy

101

(1)

Object-orientation

102

(1)

Layered design

103

(2)

Large, autonomous components

105

(1)

Reconciling the hierarchies

105

(1)

The role of architecture in software-centered systems

106

(3)

Programming languages, models, and expressions

107

(1)

Architectures, ``unifying'' models, and visions

108

(1)

Directions in software architecting

109

(5)

Architectural styles

110

(3)

Architecture through composition

113

(1)

Heuristics and guidelines in software

114

(3)

Exercises

117

(1)

Notes and references

118

(1)

Collaborative Systems

119

(20)

Introduction: collaboration as a category

119

(1)

Collaborative system examples

120

(5)

The Internet

120

(3)

Intelligent transportation systems

123

(2)

Joint air defense systems

125

(1)

Analogies for architecting collaborative systems

125

(1)

Collaborative system heuristics

126

(3)

Stable intermediate forms

127

(1)

Policy triage

127

(1)

Leverage at the interfaces

128

(1)

Ensuring cooperation

129

(1)

Variations on the collaborative theme

129

(2)

Misclassification

131

(2)

Standards and collaborative systems

133

(2)

Conclusions

135

(1)

Exercises

136

(1)

Notes and references

136

(3)

Exercise to Close Part Two

137

(2)

Part Three Models and Modeling

139

(96)

Introduction to Part Three

139

(4)

A civil architecture analogy

139

(1)

Guide to Part Three

140

(3)

Representation Models and System Architecting

143

(24)

Introduction: roles, views, and models

143

(1)

Roles of models

144

(1)

Models, viewpoints, and views

145

(1)

Classification of models by view

146

(16)

Note to the reader

147

(1)

Objectives and purpose models

148

(2)

Models of form

150

(1)

Scale models

150

(1)

Block diagrams

151

(2)

Behavioral (functional) models

153

(1)

Threads and scenarios

154

(1)

Data and event flow networks

155

(1)

Mathematical systems theory

155

(2)

Autonomous agent, chaotic systems

157

(1)

Public choice and behavior models

157

(1)

Performance models

158

(1)

Formal methods

159

(1)

Data models

160

(2)

Managerial models

162

(1)

Examples of interated models

162

(1)

Summary

163

(1)

Exercises

164

(1)

Notes and references

165

(2)

Design Progression in System Architecting

167

(30)

Introduction: architecting process components

167

(1)

Design progression

168

(6)

Introduction by examples

169

(1)

Design as the evolution of models

170

(1)

Evaluation criteria and heuristic refinement

170

(2)

Progression of emphasis

172

(1)

Concurrent progressions

172

(1)

Episodic nature

173

(1)

Design concepts for systems architecture

174

(15)

Historical approaches to architecting

174

(2)

Specialized and formalized heuristics

176

(1)

Scoping, aggregation, partitioning, and certification

177

(1)

Scoping

177

(3)

Aggregation and partitioning

180

(1)

Certification

181

(2)

Certainty, rationality, and choice

183

(3)

Stopping or progressing?

186

(3)

Architecture and design disciplines

189

(4)

Architecture and patterns

191

(2)

Conclusions

193

(1)

Exercises

194

(1)

Notes and references

194

(3)

Integrated Modeling Methodologies

197

(24)

Introduction

197

(1)

General integrated models

197

(6)

Hatley/Pirbhai --- computer-based reactive systems

198

(1)

Example: microsatellite imaging system

199

(2)

Quantitative QFD (Q2FD) --- performance-driven systems

201

(2)

Integrated modeling and software

203

(13)

Structured analysis and design

204

(4)

ADARDS

208

(3)

OMT

211

(2)

UML

213

(2)

Performance integration: scheduling

215

(1)

Integrated models for manufacturing systems

216

(1)

Integrated models for sociotechnical systems

217

(2)

Conclusions

219

(1)

Exercises

219

(1)

Notes and references

219

(2)

Architecture Frameworks

221

(14)

Introduction

221

(1)

Defining an architecture framework

222

(1)

Goals of the framework

222

(1)

Understanding ``architectural level''

222

(1)

Organization of an architecture description framework

223

(1)

Current architecture frameworks

223

(9)

U.S. DoD C4ISR

223

(1)

Summary information

224

(1)

Operational view

224

(1)

System view

225

(1)

Technical view

226

(1)

Evaluation of the C4ISR framework

226

(1)

ISO RM-ODP

227

(2)

Proprietary and semi-open information technology standards

229

(1)

IEEE P1471

230

(1)

P1471 concepts

230

(2)

P1471 normative requirements

232

(1)

Research directions

232

(1)

Conclusions

233

(1)

Notes and references

233

(2)

Part Four The Systems Architecting Profession

235

The Political Process and Systems Architecting

237

(12)

Introduction: the political challenge

237

(1)

Politics as a design factor

238

(1)

The first skill to master

239

(1)

Heuristics in the political process: ``the facts of life''

240

(7)

Fact of life #1

241

(1)

Fact of life #2

242

(1)

Fact of life #3

243

(1)

Fact of life #4

244

(1)

Fact of life #5

245

(2)

A few more skills to master

247

(1)

Conclusion

248

(1)

The Professionalization of Systems Architecting

249

Introduction

249

(1)

The profession of systems engineering

249

(3)

Systems architecting and systems standards

252

(7)

The origins of systems standards

253

(1)

The ballistic missile program of the 1950s

253

(1)

The beginning of a new era of standards

254

(1)

EIA/IS 632, an architectural perspective

255

(1)

Commercial standards

256

(1)

IEEE 1220, an architectural perspective

256

(2)

Company standards

258

(1)

A summary of standards developments, 1950-1995

259

(1)

Systems architecting graduate education

259

(4)

Systems engineering universities and systems architecting

259

(2)

Curriculum design

261

(1)

Advanced study in systems architecting

262

(1)

Professional societies and publications

263

(1)

Conclusion: an assessment of the profession

263

(1)

Notes and references

264

(3)

Appendices

Appendix A: Heuristics for Systems-Level Architecting

267

(12)

Introduction: organizing the list

267

(1)

Heuristic tool list

268

(1)

Multitask heuristics

268

(2)

Scoping and planning

270

(2)

Modeling

272

(1)

Prioritizing (trades, options, and choices)

273

(1)

Aggregating (``chunking'')

273

(1)

Partitioning (decompositioning)

274

(1)

Integrating

275

(1)

Certifying (system integrity, quality, and vision)

275

(1)

Assessing performance, cost, schedule, and risk

276

(1)

Rearchitecting, evolving, modifying, and adapting

277

(1)

Exercises

278

(1)

Notes and references

278

(1)

Appendix B: Reference Texts for Suggested for Institutional Libraries

279

(4)

Architecting background

279

(1)

Management

279

(1)

Modeling

280

(1)

Specialty areas

280

(1)

Software

280

(1)

System sciences

281

(1)

System thinking

281

(2)

Appendix C: On Defining Architecture and Other Terms

283

Defining ``Architecture''

283

(1)

Webster's Dictionary definition

284

(1)

This book

285

(1)

IEEE Architecture Working Group (AWG)

285

(1)

INCOSE SAWG

286

(1)

MIL-STD-498

287

(1)

Perry-Garlan

288

(1)

Maier's tongue-in-cheek rule of thumb

288

(1)

Internet discussion

289

(1)

Summary

289

(1)

Models, viewpoints, and views

289

(1)

Working definitions

290

(1)

Consistency and completeness

291

(1)

Notes and references

291

Glossary

193

(104)

Indexes

297

The Art of Systems Architecting, Second Edition

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