Videoconferencing and Videotelephony : Technology and Standards,9780890069974

Videoconferencing and Videotelephony : Technology and Standards

by
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780890069974
ISBN10: 0890069972
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1999-06-01
Publisher(s): Artech House
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Summary

Here's a detailed summary of the most current and emerging standards for audio-visual systems and multimedia applications. Expertly authored, this book provides you with the latest on video and speech coding techniques coupled with extensive coverage of standards for communication of multimedia signals. It details compression techniques and standards, and addresses the technologies of video and audio compression, data communication protocols, digital TV, and digital audio and multimedia.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments xiii
1 Introduction
1(8)
2 Video Teleconferencing: Benefits and System Design
9(30)
2.1 Introduction
9(1)
2.2 Benefits of Video Teleconferencing
9(2)
2.3 Video Teleconferencing Overview
11(3)
2.4 Video Teleconferencing Room Considerations
14(9)
2.4.1 Room Size, Furniture, and Location
14(3)
2.4.2 Cameras
17(1)
2.4.3 Display System
17(1)
2.4.4 Audio
18(2)
2.4.5 The VTC Controller
20(3)
2.4.6 Administration
23(1)
2.5 Quality and Performance Considerations
23(13)
2.5.1 General
23(1)
2.5.2 System Considerations
24(1)
2.5.3 Picture Format
24(1)
2.5.4 Common Intermediate Format
25(1)
2.5.5 Quarter Common Intermediate Format
25(1)
2.5.6 Frame Rate
26(1)
2.5.7 Motion Compensation
26(1)
2.5.8 Bit Rates
27(1)
2.5.9 Audio
27(1)
2.5.10 Bandwidth
28(1)
2.5.11 Lip Sync
28(1)
2.5.12 Echo Cancellation
28(2)
2.5.13 Error Control
30(1)
2.5.14 Performance Impairments
30(3)
2.5.15 Standards To Measure the Quality of Digital TV Systems
33(3)
2.6 Planning a VTC System
36(3)
2.6.1 User Survey
37(1)
2.6.2 Develop a Technical Approach
37(1)
2.6.3 Cost Estimate
37(1)
2.6.4 Schedule
38(1)
2.6.5 Project Proposal
38(1)
3 Video Compression Techniques
39(42)
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 Overview
40(7)
3.2.1 Basic NTSC Scanning Format
40(1)
3.2.2 Compression Overview
41(3)
3.2.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
44(1)
3.2.4 Pulse Code Modulation
45(2)
3.3 Video Compression Overview
47(3)
3.4 Predictive Coding
50(2)
3.5 Discrete Cosine Transform
52(9)
3.5.1 Transformation Techniques
53(2)
3.5.2 Coding of DCT Coefficients
55(5)
3.5.3 DCT Interframe Prediction With Motion Compensation
60(1)
3.6 Vector Quantization
61(3)
3.7 Wavelet and Subband Coding
64(2)
3.8 Fractal Coding
66(1)
3.9 Object-Based Coding Techniques
67(8)
3.9.1 Generic Unknown Objects
67(4)
3.9.2 Knowledge-Based Coding
71(1)
3.9.3 MPEG-4 (Coding of Audiovisual Objects)
71(4)
3.10 Variable Length Coding
75(4)
3.10.1 Comma Code
75(1)
3.10.2 Shift Code
76(1)
3.10.3 B Code
76(1)
3.10.4 Huffman Code
77(1)
3.10.5 Conditional Variable Length Codes
78(1)
3.10.6 Arithmetic Coding
79(1)
3.10.7 Two-Dimensional VLC for Coding Transform Coefficients
79(1)
References
79(2)
4 Audio Coding
81(20)
4.1 Speech Coder Attributes
81(5)
4.1.1 Bit Rate
81(1)
4.1.2 Delay
82(1)
4.1.3 Complexity
82(1)
4.1.4 Quality
83(1)
4.1.5 Validation
84(2)
4.2 ITU Standard Speech Coders (G.7XX)
86(12)
4.2.1 G.711 (64 Kbps, PCM)
86(1)
4.2.2 G.721 (32 Kbps, ADPCM)
86(2)
4.2.3 G.722 (64-56-48 Kbps, Subband Coder)
88(3)
4.2.4 G.728 (16 Kbps, LD-CELP)
91(4)
4.2.5 G.729 (8 Kbps, CS-ACELP)
95(1)
4.2.6 G.723.1 (5.3 Kbps/6.3 Kbps, ACELP/MP-MLQ)
96(1)
4.2.7 G.WSC (Wideband Speech Coder)
97(1)
4.2.8 4.0-Kbps Speech Coder
97(1)
4.3 MPEG Audio
98(3)
5 Audiovisual Standards Organizations
101(26)
5.1 International Standards Organizations
101(17)
5.1.1 International Telecommunications Union
101(7)
5.1.2 International Standards Organization
108(4)
5.1.3 International Multimedia Teleconferencing Consortium
112(2)
5.1.4 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
114(1)
5.1.5 Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers
115(1)
5.1.6 Internet Engineering Task Force
116(2)
5.2 U.S. Standards Organizations
118(7)
5.2.1 Standards Committee T1--Telecommunications
118(7)
5.2.2 NCITS L3 (Coding of Audio, Picture, Multimedia, and Hypermedia Information)
125(1)
5.3 European Telecommunications Standards Institute
125(2)
6 Multimedia Communications via N-ISDN (H.320)
127(28)
6.1 History
127(1)
6.2 H.320: The VTC System Standard
128(1)
6.3 H.261: Video Coding Standard
128(15)
6.3.1 Picture Structure
137(1)
6.3.2 Example of Block Coding
137(2)
6.3.3 Motion Compensation
139(4)
6.4 H.221: Frame Structure for a 64- to 20-Kbps Channel in Audiovisual Teleservices
143(2)
6.5 H.242: System for Establishing Communication Between Audiovisual Terminals Using Digital Channels Up to 2 Mbps
145(1)
6.6 H.230: Frame Synchronous Control and Indication Signals for Audiovisual Systems
145(1)
6.7 Audio Coding
145(1)
6.8 Data Channel
146(1)
6.9 H.320 Range of Capabilities
147(1)
6.10 Multipoint
147(2)
6.11 Privacy
149(1)
6.12 Procedures for Establishing Communication Between Two Multiprotocol Audiovisual Terminals Using Digital Channels (V.140)
150(1)
6.13 Broadcast Version of H.320 (H.331)
151(1)
6.14 Narrowband ISDN
152(3)
6.14.1 Basic Access
153(1)
6.14.2 Primary Access
153(2)
7 ITU-T Recommendation H.323 Packet-Based Multimedia Communications Systems
155(18)
7.1 Introduction
155(2)
7.2 H.323 Components
157(5)
7.2.1 Terminals
157(1)
7.2.2 Gateways
158(1)
7.2.3 Gatekeeper
159(2)
7.2.4 Multipoint Control Unit
161(1)
7.3 Packet-Based Networks
162(3)
7.3.1 Local Area Networks
162(1)
7.3.2 The Internet
163(2)
7.4 Network Services
165(1)
7.4.1 TCP/IP Services
165(1)
7.5 Protocol Stack
166(1)
7.6 H.323 Procedures
167(2)
7.7 Supplementary Services
169(1)
7.8 Quality of Service Issues
170(1)
7.9 Security and Encryption
171(2)
8 Multimedia Communications via the PSTN (H.324) and Mobile Radio (H.324M)
173(22)
8.1 Overview
173(1)
8.2 H.324: Terminal for Low Bit-Rate Multimedia Communication
174(1)
8.3 G.723.1: Speech Coder for Multimedia Telecommunications Transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 Kbps
175(3)
8.4 H.263: Video Coding for Low Bit-Rate Communication
178(4)
8.5 H.245: Control Protocol for Multimedia Communications
182(2)
8.6 H.223: Multiplexing Protocol for Low Bit-Rate Multimedia Communication
184(4)
8.6.1 Multiplex Layer
184(3)
8.6.2 Adaptation Layer
187(1)
8.7 Data Channel
188(1)
8.8 Extension of H.324 to Mobile Radio (H.324M)
189(4)
8.9 Extension of H.324 to N-ISDN
193(1)
References
193(2)
9 Multimedia Transmission via B-ISDN (H.321 and H.310)
195(16)
9.1 Broadband ISDN
195(5)
9.1.1 End-to-End Timing
199(1)
9.1.2 Constant Bit Rate and Variable Bit-Rate Coding
199(1)
9.2 Adaptation of H.320 Visual Telephone Terminals to B-ISDN Environments (H.321)
200(4)
9.2.1 Terminal Capabilities
200(2)
9.2.2 AAL-1
202(1)
9.2.3 AAL-5
202(1)
9.2.4 Adaptive Clocking
203(1)
9.2.5 Packetization Delay and Overhead
203(1)
9.2.6 AAL-1/AAL-5 Interworking
204(1)
9.2.7 Applications for H.321
204(1)
9.3 High-Resolution Broadband Audiovisual Communication Systems (H.310)
204(7)
9.3.1 Communication Mode
205(1)
9.3.2 Video Codec Capabilities
205(2)
9.3.3 Audio Codec Capabilities
207(1)
9.3.4 Network Adaptation Capabilities
207(1)
9.3.5 End-to-End Signaling
208(1)
9.3.6 Packetization Delay and Overhead
208(1)
9.3.7 Intercommunication With N-ISDN Terminals
209(1)
9.3.8 Applications for H.310
210(1)
10 Multipoint Graphic Communications (T.120)
211(12)
10.1 Node Controller
212(1)
10.2 Communications Infrastructure
212(7)
10.2.1 T.122/125 Multipoint Communications Service
214(2)
10.2.2 T.124 Generic Conference Control
216(1)
10.2.3 T.123 Transport Protocol Stack Profiles
217(2)
10.3 Application Protocols
219(4)
10.3.1 Recommendation T.126: Still Image Exchange and Annotation (SI)
219(1)
10.3.2 Recommendation T.127: Multipoint Binary File Transfer Protocol
220(1)
10.3.3 Recommendation T.128: Application Sharing
220(1)
10.3.4 Recommendation T.134: Text Chat
221(1)
10.3.5 Recommendation T.135: Reservations
221(1)
10.3.6 Recommendation T.RDC: Remote Device Control
221(2)
11 ISO Audiovisual Standards (MPEG, JPEG, JBIG)
223(46)
11.1 MPEG-1
224(2)
11.1.1 System Layer (11172-1)
224(1)
11.1.2 Video Coding (11172-2)
224(1)
11.1.3 Audio Coding (11172-3)
225(1)
11.2 MPEG-2 (13818)
226(4)
11.2.1 MPEG-2 System (13818-1)
226(2)
11.2.2 MPEG-2 Video (13818-2)
228(2)
11.3 MPEG-4 (Coding of Audiovisual Objects)
230(26)
11.3.1 MPEG-4 Applications
233(1)
11.3.2 MPEG-4 Systems Design
234(9)
11.3.3 Coding of Visual Objects
243(5)
11.3.4 MPEG-4 Audio Coding
248(5)
11.3.5 Intellectual Property Management and Protection
253(3)
11.4 MPEG-7
256(1)
11.5 JPEG Coding Algorithm
257(10)
11.5.1 The Baseline System
260(4)
11.5.2 Extended System
264(1)
11.5.3 Lossless Coding
265(1)
11.5.4 JPEG 2000
265(2)
11.6 The JBIG Coding Algorithm
267(2)
Acronyms and Abbreviations 269(6)
Glossary 275(12)
About the Author 287(2)
Index 289

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