Thermodynamics : An Engineering Approach with Student Resource DVD,9780073305370

Thermodynamics : An Engineering Approach with Student Resource DVD

by ;
Edition: 6th
ISBN13: 9780073305370
ISBN10: 0073305375
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-09-22
Publisher(s): McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
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Summary

The worldwide bestsellerThermodynamics: An Engineering Approachbrings further refinement to an approach that emphasizes a physical understanding of the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics. The authors offer an engineering textbook that "talks directly to tomorrow's engineers in a simple yet precise manner, that encourages creative thinking, and is read by the students with interest and enthusiasm".Over 500 new or revised homework problems have been added to this 6/e.Themedia package for this text is extensive,giving users a large variety of supplemental resources to choose from. AStudent Resources DVDis packaged with each new copy of the text and contains the popular Engineering Equation Solver(EES) software, Physical Experiments, and an Interactive Thermodynamics tutorial. McGraw-Hill's new Assessment, Review, and Instruction System (ARIS)is available to students and instructors. ARIS is a complete, online tutorial, electronic homework, and course management system designed for greater ease of use than other systems. ARIS offers 1000 algorithmic problems, which will help curb the problem of having homework solutions circulating around campus. ARIS access for instructors is free with the adoption of the text, and students can buy access through the bookstore or from the ARIS website.

Table of Contents

Preface xvii
Introduction and Basic Concepts
1(50)
Thermodynamics and Energy
2(1)
Application Areas of Thermodynamics
3(1)
Importance of Dimensions and Units
3(7)
Some SI and English Units
6(2)
Dimensional Homogeneity
8(1)
Unity Conversion Ratios
9(1)
Systems and Control Volumes
10(2)
Properties of a System
12(1)
Continuum
12(1)
Density and Specific Gravity
13(1)
State and Equilibrium
14(1)
The State Postulate
14(1)
Processes and Cycles
15(2)
The Steady-Flow Process
16(1)
Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
17(4)
Temperature Scales
17(3)
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
20(1)
Pressure
21(5)
Variation of Pressure with Depth
23(3)
The Manometer
26(3)
Other Pressure Measurement Devices
29(1)
The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure
29(4)
Problem-Solving Technique
33(18)
Step 1: Problem Statement
33(1)
Step 2: Schematic
33(1)
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
34(1)
Step 4: Physical Laws
34(1)
Step 5: Properties
34(1)
Step 6: Calculations
34(1)
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
34(1)
Engineering Software Packages
35(1)
Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
36(2)
A Remark on Significant Digits
38(1)
Summary
39(1)
References and Suggested Readings
39(1)
Problems
40(11)
Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis
51(60)
Introduction
52(1)
Forms of Energy
53(7)
Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy
55(1)
More on Nuclear Energy
56(2)
Mechanical Energy
58(2)
Energy Transfer by Heat
60(2)
Historical Background on Heat
61(1)
Energy Transfer by Work
62(4)
Electrical Work
65(1)
Mechanical Forms of Work
66(4)
Shaft Work
66(1)
Spring Work
67(1)
Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars
67(1)
Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film
68(1)
Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body
68(1)
Nonmechanical Forms of Work
69(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics
70(8)
Energy Balance
71(1)
Energy Change of a System, ΔEsystem
72(1)
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
73(5)
Energy Conversion Efficiencies
78(8)
Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices
82(4)
Energy and Environment
86(25)
Ozone and Smog
87(1)
Acid Rain
88(1)
The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change
89(3)
Topic of Special Interest: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
92(4)
Summary
96(1)
References and Suggested Readings
97(1)
Problems
98(13)
Properties of Pure Substances
111(54)
Pure Substance
112(1)
Phases of a Pure Substance
112(1)
Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances
113(5)
Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid
114(1)
Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor
114(1)
Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure
115(2)
Some Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence
117(1)
Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes
118(8)
The T-v Diagram
118(2)
The P-v Diagram
120(1)
Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase
121(3)
The P-T Diagram
124(1)
The P-v-T Surface
125(1)
Property Tables
126(11)
Enthalpy---A Combination Property
126(1)
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
127(2)
Saturated Liquid--Vapor Mixture
129(3)
Superheated Vapor
132(1)
Compressed Liquid
133(2)
Reference State and Reference Values
135(2)
The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
137(2)
Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?
139(1)
Compressibility Factor---A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior
139(5)
Other Equations of State
144(21)
Van der Waals Equation of State
144(1)
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State
145(1)
Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State
145(1)
Virial Equation of State
145(4)
Topic of Special Interest: Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium
149(4)
Summary
153(1)
References and Suggested Readings
154(1)
Problems
154(11)
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
165(56)
Moving Boundary Work
166(7)
Polytropic Process
171(2)
Energy Balance for Closed Systems
173(5)
Specific Heats
178(2)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
180(9)
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
182(7)
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids
189(32)
Internal Energy Changes
189(1)
Enthalpy Changes
189(4)
Topic of Special Interest: Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems
193(7)
Summary
200(1)
References and Suggested Readings
201(1)
Problems
201(20)
Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes
221(62)
Conservation of Mass
222(6)
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
222(2)
Conservation of Mass Principle
224(1)
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
225(1)
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
226(2)
Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
228(4)
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
229(1)
Energy Transport by Mass
230(2)
Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
232(3)
Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
235(13)
Nozzles and Diffusers
235(3)
Turbines and Compressors
238(3)
Throttling Valves
241(1)
Mixing Chambers
242(2)
Heat Exchangers
244(2)
Pipe and Duct Flow
246(2)
Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes
248(35)
Topic of Special Interest: General Energy Equation
254(3)
Summary
257(1)
References and Suggested Readings
258(1)
Problems
258(25)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
283(54)
Introduction to the Second Law
284(1)
Thermal Energy Reservoirs
285(1)
Heat Engines
286(5)
Thermal Efficiency
287(2)
Can We Save Qout?
289(2)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin--Planck Statement
291(1)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
291(6)
Coefficient of Performance
292(1)
Heat Pumps
293(3)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius Statement
296(1)
Equivalence of the Two Statements
296(1)
Perpetual-Motion Machines
297(3)
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
300(3)
Irreversibilities
301(1)
Internally and Externally Reversible Processes
302(1)
The Carnot Cycle
303(2)
The Reversed Carnot Cycle
305(1)
The Carnot Principles
305(2)
The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
307(1)
The Carnot Heat Engine
308(5)
The Quality of Energy
311(1)
Quantity versus Quality in Daily Life
312(1)
The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
313(24)
Topic of Special Interest: Household Refrigerators
315(4)
Summary
319(1)
References and Suggested Readings
320(1)
Problems
320(17)
Entropy
337(96)
Entropy
338(3)
A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes
340(1)
The Increase of Entropy Principle
341(4)
Some Remarks about Entropy
343(2)
Entropy Change of Pure Substances
345(4)
Isentropic Processes
349(1)
Property Diagrams Involving Entropy
350(2)
What Is Entropy?
352(4)
Entropy and Entropy Generation in Daily Life
354(2)
The T ds Relations
356(1)
Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids
357(3)
The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases
360(8)
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)
361(1)
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
362(2)
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
364(1)
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)
364(1)
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
365(1)
Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume
365(3)
Reversible Steady-Flow Work
368(4)
Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least Work when the Process Is Reversible
371(1)
Minimizing the Compressor Work
372(4)
Multistage Compression with Intercooling
373(3)
Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices
376(7)
Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines
377(2)
Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps
379(2)
Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles
381(2)
Entropy Balance
383(50)
Entropy Change of a System, ΔSsystem
384(1)
Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout
384(1)
Heat Transfer
384(1)
Mass Flow
385(1)
Entropy Generation, Sgen
386(1)
Closed Systems
387(1)
Control Volumes
387(8)
Entropy Generation Associated with a Heat Transfer Process
395(2)
Topic of Special Interest: Reducing the Cost of Compressed Air
397(9)
Summary
406(1)
References and Suggested Readings
407(1)
Problems
408(25)
Exergy: A Measure of Work Potential
433(64)
Exergy: Work Potential of Energy
434(3)
Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy
435(2)
Reversible Work and Irreversibility
437(5)
Second-Law Efficiency, η
442(2)
Exergy Change of a System
444(6)
Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow (or Closed System) Exergy
445(2)
Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy
447(3)
Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass
450(3)
Exergy by Heat Transfer, Q
450(2)
Exergy Transfer by Work, W
452(1)
Exergy Transfer by Mass, m
452(1)
The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction
453(1)
Exergy Destruction
454(1)
Exergy Balance: Closed Systems
454(13)
Exergy Balance: Control Volumes
467(30)
Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
468(1)
Reversible Work, Wrev
469(1)
Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices, ηII
469(6)
Topic of Special Interest: Second-Law Aspects of Daily Life
475(4)
Summary
479(1)
References and Suggested Readings
480(1)
Problems
480(17)
Gas Power Cycles
497(68)
Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles
498(2)
The Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering
500(2)
Air-Standard Assumptions
502(1)
An Overview of Reciprocating Engines
503(1)
Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines
504(6)
Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines
510(3)
Stirling and Ericsson Cycles
513(4)
Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines
517(8)
Development of Gas Turbines
520(3)
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones
523(2)
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
525(2)
The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration
527(4)
Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles
531(6)
Modifications to Turbojet Engines
535(2)
Second-Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles
537(28)
Topic of Special Interest: Saving Fuel and Money by Driving Sensibly
540(7)
Summary
547(1)
References and Suggested Readings
548(1)
Problems
549(16)
Vapor and Combined Power Cycles
565(58)
The Carnot Vapor Cycle
566(1)
Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles
567(4)
Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle
568(3)
Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles from Idealized Ones
571(3)
How Can We Increase the Efficiency of the Rankine Cycle?
574(4)
Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow, avg)
574(1)
Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh, avg)
575(1)
Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh, avg)
575(3)
The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
578(4)
The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
582(8)
Open Feedwater Heaters
582(2)
Closed Feedwater Heaters
584(6)
Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles
590(2)
Cogeneration
592(5)
Combined Gas--Vapor Power Cycles
597(26)
Topic of Special Interest: Binary Vapor Cycles
600(3)
Summary
603(1)
References and Suggested Readings
603(1)
Problems
604(19)
Refrigeration Cycles
623(46)
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
624(1)
The Reversed Carnot Cycle
625(1)
The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
626(4)
Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
630(2)
Selecting the Right Refrigerant
632(2)
Heat Pump Systems
634(2)
Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems
636(8)
Cascade Refrigeration Systems
636(3)
Multistage Compression Refrigeration Systems
639(2)
Multipurpose Refrigeration Systems with a Single Compressor
641(1)
Liquefaction of Gases
642(2)
Gas Refrigeration Cycles
644(3)
Absorption Refrigeration Systems
647(22)
Topic of Special Interest: Thermoelectric Power Generation and Refrigeration Systems
650(2)
Summary
652(1)
References and Suggested Readings
653(1)
Problems
653(16)
Thermodynamic Property Relations
669(32)
A Little Math---Partial Derivatives and Associated Relations
670(4)
Partial Differentials
671(2)
Partial Differential Relations
673(1)
The Maxwell Relations
674(2)
The Clapeyron Equation
676(3)
General Relations for du, dh, ds, cv, and Cp
679(7)
Internal Energy Changes
679(1)
Enthalpy Changes
680(1)
Entropy Changes
681(1)
Specific Heats cv and cp
682(4)
The Joule-Thomson Coefficient
686(1)
The Δh, Δu, and Δs of Real Gases
687(14)
Enthalpy Changes of Real Gases
688(1)
Internal Energy Changes of Real Gases
689(1)
Entropy Changes of Real Gases
689(3)
Summary
692(1)
References and Suggested Readings
693(1)
Problems
693(8)
Gas Mixtures
701(36)
Composition of a Gas Mixture: Mass and Mole Fractions
702(2)
P-v-T Behavior of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases
704(5)
Ideal-Gas Mixtures
705(1)
Real-Gas Mixtures
705(4)
Properties of Gas Mixtures: Ideal and Real Gases
709(28)
Ideal-Gas Mixtures
710(3)
Real-Gas Mixtures
713(4)
Topic of Special Interest: Chemical Potential and the Separation Work of Mixtures
717(11)
Summary
728(1)
References and Suggested Readings
729(1)
Problems
729(8)
Gas--Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning
737(36)
Dry and Atmospheric Air
738(1)
Specific and Relative Humidity of Air
739(2)
Dew-Point Temperature
741(2)
Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
743(3)
The Psychrometric Chart
746(1)
Human Comfort and Air-Conditioning
747(2)
Air-Conditioning Processes
749(24)
Simple Heating and Cooling (ω = constant)
750(1)
Heating with Humidification
751(1)
Cooling with Dehumidification
752(2)
Evaporative Cooling
754(1)
Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams
755(2)
Wet Cooling Towers
757(2)
Summary
759(2)
References and Suggested Readings
761(1)
Problems
761(12)
Chemical Reactions
773(44)
Fuels and Combustion
774(4)
Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes
778(6)
Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of Combustion
784(3)
First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems
787(5)
Steady-Flow Systems
787(2)
Closed Systems
789(3)
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
792(3)
Entropy Change of Reacting Systems
795(2)
Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems
797(20)
Topic of Special Interest: Fuel Cells
802(2)
Summary
804(1)
References and Suggested Readings
805(1)
Problems
805(12)
Chemical and Phase Equilibrium
817(32)
Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium
818(2)
The Equilibrium Constant for Ideal-Gas Mixtures
820(3)
Some Remarks about the Kp of Ideal-Gas Mixtures
823(5)
Chemical Equilibrium for Simultaneous Reactions
828(2)
Variation of Kp with Temperature
830(2)
Phase Equilibrium
832(17)
Phase Equilibrium for a Single-Component System
832(1)
The Phase Rule
833(1)
Phase Equilibrium for a Multicomponent System
834(5)
Summary
839(1)
References and Suggested Readings
840(1)
Problems
841(8)
Compressible Flow
849(60)
Stagnation Properties
850(3)
Speed of Sound and Mach Number
853(2)
One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow
855(7)
Variation of Fluid Velocity with Flow Area
858(2)
Property Relations for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases
860(2)
Isentropic Flow through Nozzles
862(9)
Converging Nozzles
862(5)
Converging--Diverging Nozzles
867(4)
Shock Waves and Expansion Waves
871(15)
Normal Shocks
871(7)
Oblique Shocks
878(4)
Prandtl--Meyer Expansion Waves
882(4)
Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible Friction (Rayleigh Flow)
886(9)
Property Relations for Rayleigh Flow
892(1)
Choked Rayleigh Flow
893(2)
Steam Nozzles
895(14)
Summary
898(1)
References and Suggested Readings
899(1)
Problems
900(9)
Appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS)
909(50)
Table A--1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
910(1)
Table A--2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
911(3)
Table A--3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods
914(2)
Table A--4 Saturated water---Temperature table
916(2)
Table A--5 Saturated water---Pressure table
918(2)
Table A--6 Superheated water
920(4)
Table A--7 Compressed liquid water
924(1)
Table A--8 Saturated ice---water vapor
925(1)
Figure A--9 T-s diagram for water
926(1)
Figure A--10 Mollier diagram for water
927(1)
Table A--11 Saturated refrigerant-134a---Temperature table
928(2)
Table A--12 Saturated refrigerant-134a---Pressure table
930(1)
Table A--13 Superheated refrigerant-134a
931(2)
Figure A--14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a
933(1)
Figure A--15 Nelson--Obert generalized compressibility chart
934(1)
Table A--16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude
935(1)
Table A--17 Ideal-gas properties of air
936(2)
Table A--18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2
938(2)
Table A--19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2
940(2)
Table A--20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2
942(2)
Table A--21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO
944(2)
Table A--22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2
946(1)
Table A--23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O
947(2)
Table A--24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O
949(1)
Table A--25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH
949(1)
Table A--26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm
950(1)
Table A--27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons
951(1)
Table A--28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp
952(1)
Figure A--29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart
953(1)
Figure A--30 Generalized entropy departure chart
954(1)
Figure A--31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure
955(1)
Table A--32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4
956(1)
Table A--33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4
957(1)
Table A--34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k = 1.4
958(1)
Appendix 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) I
959(42)
Table A--1E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
960(1)
Table A--2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
961(3)
Table A--3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods
964(2)
Table A--4E Saturated water---Temperature table
966(2)
Table A--5E Saturated water---Pressure table
968(2)
Table A--6E Superheated water
970(4)
Table A--7E Compressed liquid water
974(1)
Table A--8E Saturated ice---water vapor
975(1)
Figure A--9E T-s diagram for water
976(1)
Figure A--10E Mollier diagram for water
977(1)
Table A--11E Saturated refrigerant-134a---Temperature table
978(1)
Table A--12E Saturated refrigerant-134a---Pressure table
979(1)
Table A--13E Superheated refrigerant-134a
980(2)
Figure A--14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a
982(1)
Table A--16E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude
983(1)
Table A--17E Ideal-gas properties of air
984(2)
Table A--18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2
986(2)
Table A--19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2
988(2)
Table A--20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2
990(2)
Table A--21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO
992(2)
Table A--22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2
994(1)
Table A--23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O
995(2)
Table A--26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 77°F, 1 atm
997(1)
Table A--27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons
998(1)
Figure A--31E Psycrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure
999(2)
Index 1001

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