
Spend Analysis The Window into Strategic Sourcing
by Pandit, Kirit; Marmanis, Haralambos-
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Summary
Author Biography
Table of Contents
Foreword | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
About the Authors | p. xix |
Web Added Value | p. xxi |
Fundamentals of Spend Analysis | p. 3 |
What Is Spend Analysis? | p. 5 |
Basics | p. 5 |
History of Spend Analysis | p. 10 |
Specialist Vendors | p. 11 |
Consolidation | p. 12 |
Similarities/Differences between Spend Analysis and Data Warehousing | p. 12 |
Characteristics of an Ideal Spend Analysis Application | p. 15 |
Data Definition and Loading (DDL) | p. 15 |
Data Cleansing, Structure, and Enrichment (DE) | p. 17 |
Spend Data Analytics (SA) | p. 19 |
Knowledgebase Management (KB) | p. 20 |
Summary | p. 22 |
References | p. 22 |
Business Imperative and Return on Investment | p. 23 |
Spend Leakage and Compliance Multiplier | p. 23 |
Importance of Spend Analysis within Supply Management | p. 25 |
Benefits to Businesses | p. 26 |
Estimation of Spend Analysis Return on Investment | p. 27 |
Savings Opportunity | p. 30 |
Highly Decentralized Purchasing | p. 30 |
Overview and Objectives | p. 30 |
Methodology | p. 31 |
Global Procurement Challenges | p. 31 |
Methodology | p. 34 |
Results | p. 35 |
Merger Planning and Integration | p. 39 |
Overview | p. 39 |
Situation | p. 40 |
Methodology | p. 40 |
Conclusion | p. 43 |
Summary | p. 44 |
References | p. 45 |
How to Implement a Successful Spend Analysis Program | p. 47 |
Set Objectives | p. 48 |
Lead from the Top | p. 48 |
Establish a Focused Center of Excellence | p. 49 |
Carefully Evaluate Choices | p. 50 |
Commodity Classification | p. 50 |
Data Enrichment | p. 50 |
Take a Limited-Scope, Phased-Rollout Approach | p. 50 |
Requirements Scoping | p. 50 |
Multicube Approach | p. 51 |
Data Scoping | p. 52 |
Refresh Requirement | p. 52 |
Know Your Data | p. 53 |
Technology Should Support Business, Not Drive Business | p. 53 |
Align the Team to Support the Organization | p. 54 |
Increase Organizational Visibility | p. 54 |
Measure Constantly, Report Frequently | p. 54 |
Engage with Your Application Provider | p. 55 |
Sample Project Plan | p. 55 |
Procurement Transformation for an $8 Billion Agrochemical Business | p. 55 |
Overview | p. 55 |
Background | p. 57 |
Implementation and Key Learning | p. 57 |
Spend Analysis Program Success | p. 58 |
Sourcing Program Success | p. 58 |
The Future-Managing Supplier Relationships | p. 59 |
A Fortune 500 Provider in the Healthcare Industry | p. 59 |
Overview | p. 59 |
Implementation | p. 60 |
Challenges | p. 60 |
Results after One Year | p. 61 |
A Company with Global Procurement Locations | p. 61 |
Overview | p. 61 |
Implementation | p. 62 |
User Adoption | p. 62 |
Next Steps | p. 62 |
Summary | p. 62 |
References | p. 63 |
Opportunity Identification | p. 65 |
Spend-Level Opportunities | p. 67 |
Supplier Rationalization | p. 67 |
Demand Aggregation (or Disaggregation) | p. 67 |
Bypass of the Preferred Purchasing Process | p. 69 |
Non-PO Spend | p. 69 |
Off-Contract Spend | p. 69 |
Diversity Spend Compliance | p. 70 |
Supplier Performance | p. 70 |
Spend with Poorly Performing Suppliers | p. 71 |
Approved versus Nonapproved Spend | p. 71 |
Spend by Payment Type | p. 72 |
Transaction-Level Opportunities | p. 72 |
Contractual Term Opportunities | p. 72 |
Unrealized Discounts and Rebates | p. 73 |
Quantity Violations | p. 74 |
Delivery Date Violations | p. 76 |
Payment Term Opportunities | p. 76 |
Invoice Processing Opportunities | p. 77 |
Consolidated Payments | p. 77 |
Frequent Charges and Credits | p. 77 |
PO Approval Limits | p. 78 |
Prioritizing Opportunities | p. 79 |
Conduct Buyer Interviews | p. 79 |
Create a Segmentation Framework | p. 80 |
Segment the Categories | p. 80 |
Assign Category to Implementation Waves | p. 80 |
Summary | p. 81 |
The Anatomy of Spend Transactions | p. 85 |
Types of Spend | p. 85 |
Direct | p. 85 |
Indirect | p. 86 |
MRO | p. 87 |
Procurement Processes | p. 88 |
Procure-to-Pay (P2P) | p. 88 |
Purchasing Cards (P-Cards) | p. 88 |
Travel and Entertainment (T&E) | p. 88 |
Information and Approval Flow in P2P Processes | p. 89 |
Data Requirements for P-Cards | p. 93 |
Data Requirements for T&E | p. 93 |
Source Systems and Data Extracts | p. 94 |
Accounts Payable | p. 94 |
Purchasing/e-Procurement | p. 94 |
Receiving | p. 95 |
Materials Management | p. 95 |
Freight Transactions | p. 95 |
Corporate P-Cards | p. 96 |
Travel and Entertainment | p. 96 |
Contract Management | p. 96 |
Material Requirements Planning or Manufacturing Resource Planning Systems | p. 96 |
Contract Manufacturer Data | p. 96 |
Other (External Sources) | p. 96 |
Quality of Data | p. 97 |
Item Description | p. 98 |
Vendor Name | p. 99 |
Cost Center and GL Code | p. 99 |
Summary | p. 100 |
Spend Analysis Components | p. 101 |
Introduction | p. 101 |
Data Definition and Loading (DDL) | p. 103 |
Data Cleansing | p. 105 |
DDL Considerations | p. 107 |
Data Assessment | p. 108 |
Data Enrichment (DE) | p. 110 |
Overview | p. 110 |
Classification | p. 115 |
Clustering | p. 116 |
Business Rules and Manual Editing | p. 116 |
Dimensional Enrichment | p. 116 |
Classification | p. 119 |
Clustering | p. 120 |
Transactional Enrichment | p. 120 |
Business Rules | p. 120 |
Transactional Classification | p. 123 |
Knowledge Acquisition and Management | p. 125 |
Concepts | p. 126 |
Attributes | p. 127 |
Instances | p. 127 |
Knowledgebase Essential Functionality | p. 127 |
Browsing | p. 127 |
Editing | p. 128 |
Knowledge Assimilation | p. 128 |
Spend Reporting and Analytics | p. 129 |
Business Intelligence Key Capabilities | p. 131 |
Reporting | p. 131 |
Analytics | p. 131 |
Scorecarding | p. 132 |
Dashboards | p. 132 |
Business Event Management | p. 132 |
Basic OLAP Reports | p. 133 |
Pivot Tables | p. 133 |
Cross-tabular Reports | p. 133 |
Graphical Reports | p. 135 |
Specialized Charts | p. 141 |
Waterfall Chart | p. 141 |
Pareto Chart | p. 142 |
Treemap | p. 142 |
Multidimensional Report | p. 144 |
Map Report | p. 144 |
Ad Hoc Analytics | p. 144 |
What-If Analysis | p. 147 |
Dashboards | p. 148 |
Summary | p. 148 |
References | p. 150 |
Taxonomy Considerations | p. 151 |
Ontologies and Taxonomies | p. 151 |
Popular Industry Standard Commodity Taxonomies | p. 153 |
UNSPSC | p. 154 |
Design | p. 154 |
Advantages of UNSPSC | p. 155 |
Disadvantages of UNSPSC | p. 156 |
eOTD | p. 157 |
Design | p. 157 |
Advantages of eOTD | p. 165 |
Disadvantages of eOTD | p. 166 |
eCl@ss | p. 166 |
Design | p. 166 |
Advantages of eClass | p. 168 |
Disadvantages of eClass | p. 169 |
RUS | p. 170 |
Design | p. 171 |
Advantages of RUS | p. 172 |
Disadvantages of RUS | p. 173 |
Quantitative Comparison of Taxonomies | p. 173 |
Size and Growth | p. 174 |
Hierarchical Order and Balance of Content | p. 175 |
Quality of Property Libraries | p. 175 |
Conclusion and Summary | p. 177 |
References | p. 178 |
Technology Considerations | p. 179 |
Technical Considerations in the SA Module | p. 179 |
Online Analytic Processing (OLAP) | p. 179 |
What Is Your OLAP Schema? | p. 180 |
What Do Your Dimensions Look Like? | p. 181 |
Precooked Data or On-the-Fly Calculations? | p. 182 |
Continental or International Deployment? | p. 182 |
Pivoting or Multidimensional Navigation? | p. 183 |
Technical Considerations in the DDL Module | p. 184 |
Representative Sampling | p. 185 |
Missing Values | p. 185 |
Balanced Dimensional Hierarchies | p. 187 |
Detection of Systematic Errors | p. 189 |
Technical Considerations in the DE Module | p. 190 |
String Matching | p. 190 |
Classification | p. 191 |
Statistical Algorithms | p. 193 |
Distance-Based Algorithms | p. 194 |
Decision Tree-Based Algorithms | p. 194 |
Neural Networks-Based Algorithms | p. 195 |
Rule-Based Algorithms | p. 196 |
Clustering | p. 196 |
Classifier Evaluation | p. 198 |
ROC Graph Details | p. 200 |
Association Rules | p. 201 |
Summary | p. 203 |
References | p. 203 |
Tracking and Monitoring | p. 209 |
Introduction | p. 209 |
Spend Under Management | p. 212 |
Integrated Supply Management | p. 212 |
External Integration Using Web Services | p. 214 |
Using Spend Analysis for Measuring Benefits | p. 214 |
Summary | p. 217 |
Spend Analysis and Compliance | p. 219 |
Introduction | p. 219 |
Control Violations in the Procurement Process | p. 220 |
Supplier Assessment | p. 220 |
Supplier Selection | p. 221 |
Contract | p. 221 |
Procurement or Requisition | p. 222 |
Fulfillment | p. 222 |
Invoicing | p. 222 |
Payment | p. 222 |
Implementing Controls in Procurement | p. 222 |
Commonly Implemented Controls | p. 222 |
Payment Controls via 3-Way Match | p. 224 |
Authorizations | p. 224 |
P-Card Control | p. 224 |
Travel and Entertainment | p. 224 |
Spend Leakage | p. 225 |
Contract Compliance | p. 225 |
Vendor Compliance | p. 226 |
Fraud | p. 226 |
Case Study | p. 227 |
The Future of Procurement Compliance | p. 228 |
Measurement | p. 228 |
Prevention | p. 228 |
Summary | p. 229 |
References | p. 229 |
The Future of Spend Analysis | p. 231 |
Supplier Discovery | p. 232 |
Spend Forecasting | p. 232 |
What-If Spend Analysis | p. 232 |
Microanalysis | p. 233 |
New Product Target Cost Analysis | p. 233 |
Real-Time Classification | p. 233 |
Relevance Search | p. 234 |
Price Benchmarking | p. 235 |
Summary | p. 235 |
Index | p. 237 |
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