Solid Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films

by
Edition: 4th
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2001-10-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
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Summary

This book emphasises both experimental and theoretical aspects of surface, interface and thin film physics. Compa- red to the earlier editions, which bore the title "Surfaces and Interfaces of Solid Materials", the book now places more emphasis on thin films, including also their superconducting and ferromagnetic properties. The present 4th edition thus presents techniques of preparing well-defined solid surfaces and interfaces, fundamental aspects of adsorption and layer growth, as well as basic models for the descripti- on of structural, vibronic and electronic properties of sur- faces, interfaces and thin films. Because of their importan- ce for modern information technology, significant attention is paid to the electronic properties of semiconductor inter- faces and heterostructures. Collective phenomena , such as superconductivity and ferromagnetism, also feature promi- nently. Experimental sections covering essential measurement and preparation techniques are presented in separate panels.

Table of Contents

Surface and Interface Physics: Its Definition and Importance
1(33)
Panel I: Ultrahigh Vacuum (UHV) Technology
6(13)
Panel II: Basicsof Particle Optics and Spectroscopy
19(12)
Problems
31(2)
Preparation of Well-Defined Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films
33(44)
Why is Ultrahigh Vacuum Used?
33(2)
Cleavage in UHV
35(3)
Ion Bombardment and Annealing
38(2)
Evaporation and Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
40(13)
Epitaxy by Means of Chemical Reactions
53(24)
Panel III: Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
59(7)
Panel IV: Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS)
66(9)
Problems
75(2)
Morphology and Structure of Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films
77(70)
Surface Energy and Macroscopic Shape
77(6)
Relaxation, Reconstruction, and Defects
83(6)
Two-Dimensional Lattices, Superstructure, and Reciprocal Space
89(5)
Surface Lattices and Superstructures
89(4)
2D Reciprocal Lattice
93(1)
Structural Models of Solid Solid Interfaces
94(6)
Nucleation and Growth of Thin Films
100(7)
Modes of Film Growth
100(3)
``Capillary Model'' of Nucleation
103(4)
Film-Growth Studies: Experimental Methods and Some Results
107(40)
Panel V: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Microprobe Techniques
121(7)
Panel VI: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
128(11)
Panel VII: Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (Sexafs)
139(6)
Problems
145(2)
Scattering from Surfaces and Thin Films
147(82)
Kinematic Theory of Surface Scattering
148(5)
The Kinematic Theory of Low-Energy Electron Diffraction
153(3)
What Can We Learn from Inspection of a LEED Pattern?
156(5)
Dynamic LEED Theory, and Structure Analysis
161(6)
Matching Formalism
162(2)
Multiple-Scattering Formalism
164(2)
Structure Analysis
166(1)
Kinematics of an Inelastic Surface Scattering Experiment
167(4)
Dielectric Theory of Inelastic Electron Scattering
171(10)
Bulk Scattering
172(3)
Surface Scattering
175(6)
Dielectric Scattering on a Thin Surface Layer
181(5)
Some Experimental Examples of Inelastic Scattering of Low-Energy Electrons at Surfaces
186(6)
The Classical Limit of Particle Scattering
192(3)
Conservation Laws for Atomic Collisions: Chemical Surface Analysis
195(3)
Rutherford BackScattering (RBS): Channeling and Blocking
198(31)
Panel VIII: Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED)
210(9)
Panel IX: Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
219(8)
Problems
227(2)
Surface Phonons
229(36)
The Existence of ``Surface'' Lattice Vibrations on a Linear Chain
230(4)
Extension to a Three-Dimensional Solid with a Surface
234(4)
Rayleigh Waves
238(3)
The Use of Rayleigh Waves as High-Frequency Filters
241(1)
Surface-Phonon (Plasmon) Polaritons
242(11)
Dispersion Curves from Experiment and from Realistic Calculations
253(12)
Panel X: Atom and Molecular Beam Scattering
258(6)
Problems
264(1)
Electronic Surface States
265(64)
Surface States for a Semi-Infinite Chain in the Nearly-Free Electron Model
266(5)
Surface States of a 3D Crystal and their Charging Character
271(4)
Intrinsic Surface States
271(3)
Extrinsic Surface States
274(1)
Aspects of Photoemission Theory
275(13)
General Description
275(4)
Angle-Integrated Photoemission
279(2)
Bulk- and Surface-State Emission
281(2)
Symmetry of Initial States and Selection Rules
283(2)
Many-Body Aspects
285(3)
Some Surface-State Band Structures for Metals
288(13)
s- and p-like Surface States
289(3)
d-like Surface States
292(5)
Empty and Image-Potential Surface States
297(4)
Surface States on Semiconductors
301(28)
Elemental Semiconductors
302(9)
III-V Compound Semiconductors
311(5)
II-VI Compound Semiconductors
316(3)
Panel XI: Photoemission and Inverse Photoemission
319(9)
Problems
328(1)
Space-Charge Layers at Semiconductor Interfaces
329(52)
Origin and Classification of Space-Charge Layers
329(5)
The Schottky Depletion Space-Charge Layer
334(3)
Weak Space-Charge Layers
337(2)
Space-Charge Layers on Highly Degenerate Semiconductors
339(1)
The General Case of a Space-Charge Layer
340(3)
Quantized Accumulation and Inversion Layers
343
Some Particular Interfaces and Their Surface Potentials
318(39)
The Silicon MOS Field-Effect Transistor
357(5)
Magnetic Field Induced Quantization
362(3)
Two-Dimensional Plasmons
365(16)
Panel XII: Optical Surface Techniques
368(12)
Problems
380(1)
Metal-Semiconductor Junctions and Semiconductor Heterostructures
381(56)
General Principles Governing the Electronic Structure of Solid Solid Interfaces
381(8)
Metal-Induced Gap States (MIGS) at the Metal Semiconductor Interface
389(8)
Virtual Induced Gap States (VIGS) at the Semiconductor Heterointerface
397(4)
Structure- and Chemistry-Dependent Models of Interface States
401(7)
Some Applications of Metal Semiconductor Junctions and Semiconductor Heterostructures
408(11)
Schottky Barriers
408(2)
Semiconductor Heterojunctions and Modulation Doping
410(6)
The High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT)
416(3)
Quantum Effects in 2D Electron Gases at Semiconductor Interfaces
419(18)
Panel XIII: Electrical Measurements of Schottky - Barrier Heights and Band Offsets
427(7)
Problems
434(3)
Collective Phenomena at Interfaces: Superconductivity and Ferromagnetism
437(62)
Superconductivity at Interfaces
438(19)
Some General Remarks
439(3)
Fundamentals of Superconductivity
442(5)
Andreev Reflection
447(3)
A Simple Model for Transport Through a Normal Conductor Superconductor Interface
450(7)
Josephson Junctions with Ballistic Transport
457(9)
Josephson Effects
457(3)
Josephson Currents and Andreev Levels
460(5)
Subharmonic Gap Structures
465(1)
An Experimental Example of a Superconductor-Semiconductor 2DEG Superconductor Josephson Junction
466(9)
Preparation of the Nb-2DEG-Nb Junction
467(1)
Critical Currents Through the Nb-2DEG-Nb Junction
468(2)
The Current Carrying Regime
470(2)
Supercurrent Control by Non-equilibrium Carriers
472(3)
Ferromagnetism at Surfaces and Within Thin Films
475(9)
The Band Model of Ferromagnetism
475(3)
Ferromagnetism in Reduced Dimensions
478(6)
Magnetic Quantum Well States
484(5)
Magnetic Interlayer Coupling
489(2)
Giant Magnetoresistance
491(8)
Problems
497(2)
Adsorption on Solid Surfaces
499(44)
Physisorption
499(3)
Chemisorption
502(5)
Work-Function Changes Induced by Adsorbates
507(6)
Two-Dimensional Phase Transitions in Adsorbate Layers
513(7)
Adsorption Kinetics
520(23)
Panel XIV: Desorption Techniques
526(8)
Panel XV: Kelvin-Probe and Photoemission Measurements for the Study of Work Function Changes and Semiconductor Interfaces
534(8)
Problems
542(1)
References 543(12)
Subject Index 555

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