Process Control Instrumentation Technology,9780131194571

Process Control Instrumentation Technology

by
Edition: 8th
ISBN13: 9780131194571
ISBN10: 0131194577
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-06-21
Publisher(s): Pearson
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Summary

This manual is designed to provide users with an understanding and appreciation of some of the theoretical concepts behind control system elements and operations, without the need of advanced math and theory. It also presents some of the practical details of how elements of a control system are designed and operated, such as would be gained from on-the-job experience. This middle ground of knowledge enables users to design the elements of a control system from a practical, working perspective, and comprehend how these elements affect overall system operation and tuning.This edition includes treatment of modern fieldbus approaches to networked and distributed control systems. Generally, this guidebook provides an introduction to process control, and covers analog and digital signal conditioning, thermal, mechanical and optical sensors, final control, discrete-state process control, controller principles, analog controllers, digital control and control loop characteristics.For those working in measurement and instrumentation and with control systems and PLCs.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Process Control
1(52)
Instructional Objectives
1(1)
Introduction
1(1)
Control Systems
2(4)
Process-Control Principles
Servomechanisms
Discrete-State Control Systems
Process-Control Block Diagram
6(4)
Identification of Elements
Block Diagram
Control System Evaluation
10(4)
Stability
Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation
Evaluation Criteria
Analog and Digital Processing
14(8)
Data Representation
ON/OFF Control
Analog Control
Digital Control
Programmable Logic Controllers
Units, Standards, And Definitions
22(14)
Units
Analog Data Representation
Definitions
Process-Control Drawings
Sensor Time Response
36(4)
First-Order Response
Second-Order Response
Significance and Statistics
40(13)
Significant Figures
Statistics
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Analog Signal Conditioning
53(62)
Instructional Objectives
53(1)
Introduction
53(1)
Principles of Analog Signal Conditioning
54(4)
Signal-Level and Bias Changes
Linearization
Conversions
Filtering and Impedance Matching
Concept of Loading
Passive Circuits
58(25)
Divider Circuits
Bridge Circuits
RC Filters
Operational Amplifiers
83(6)
Op Amp Characteristics
Op Amp Specifications
Op Amp Circuits in Instrumentation
89(13)
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Noninverting Amplifier
Differential Instrumentation Amplifier
Voltage-to-Current Converter
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Integrator
Differentiator
Linearization
Design Guidelines
102(13)
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Digital Signal Conditioning
115(60)
Instructional Objectives
115(1)
Introduction
115(1)
Review of Digital Fundamentals
116(9)
Digital Information
Fractional Binary Numbers
Boolean Algebra
Digital Electronics
Programmable Logic Controllers
Computer Interface
Converters
125(30)
Comparators
Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs)
Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
Frequency-Based Converters
Data-Acquisition Systems
155(5)
DAS Hardware
DAS Software
Characteristics of Digital Data
160(15)
Digitized Value
Sampled Data Systems
Linearization
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Thermal Sensors
175(48)
Instructional Objectives
175(1)
Introduction
175(1)
Definition of Temperature
176(4)
Thermal Energy
Temperature
Metal Resistance versus Temperature Devices
180(9)
Metal Resistance versus Temperature
Resistance versus Temperature Approximations
Resistance-Temperature Detectors
Thermistors
189(4)
Semiconductor Resistance versus Temperature
Thermistor Characteristics
Thermocouples
193(11)
Thermoelectric Effects
Thermocouple Characteristics
Thermocouple Sensors
Other Thermal Sensors
204(7)
Bimetal Strips
Gas Thermometers
Vapor-Pressure Thermometers
Liquid-Expansion Thermometers
Solid-State Temperature Sensors
Design Considerations
211(12)
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Mechanical Sensors
223(62)
Instructional Objectives
223(1)
Introduction
223(1)
Displacement, Location, or Position Sensors
224(8)
Potentiometric Sensors
Capacitive and Inductive Sensors
Variable-Reluctance Sensors
Level Sensors
Strain Sensors
232(14)
Strain and Stress
Strain Gauge Principles
Metal Strain Gauges
Semiconductor Strain Gauges (SGs)
Load Cells
Motion Sensors
246(12)
Types of Motion
Accelerometer Principles
Types of Accelerometers
Applications
Pressure Sensors
258(9)
Pressure Principles
Pressure Sensors (p > 1 atmosphere)
Pressure Sensors (p > 1 atmosphere)
Flow Sensors
267(18)
Solid-Flow Measurement
Liquid Flow
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Optical Sensors
285(48)
Instructional Objectives
285(1)
Introduction
285(1)
Fundamentals of EM Radiation
286(10)
Nature of EM Radiation
Characteristics of Light
Photometry
Photodetectors
296(15)
Photodetector Characteristics
Photoconductive Detectors
Photovoltaic Detectors
Photodiode Detectors
Photoemissive Detectors
Pyrometry
311(5)
Thermal Radiation
Broadband Pyrometers
Narrowband Pyrometers
Optical Sources
316(6)
Conventional Light Sources
Laser Principles
Applications
322(11)
Label Inspection
Turbidity
Ranging
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Final Control
333(54)
Instructional Objectives
333(1)
Introduction
333(1)
Final Control Operation
334(2)
Signal Conversions
Actuators
Control Element
Signal Conversions
336(6)
Analog Electrical Signals
Digital Electrical Signals
Pneumatic Signals
Power Electronics
342(16)
Switching Devices
Controlling Devices
Actuators
358(13)
Electrical Actuators
Pneumatic Actuators
Hydraulic Actuators
Control Elements
371(16)
Mechanical
Electrical
Fluid Valves
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Discrete-State Process Control
387(52)
Instructional Objectives
387(1)
Introduction
387(1)
Definition of Discrete-State Process Control
388(1)
Characteristics of the System
389(14)
Discrete-State Variables
Process Specifications
Event Sequence Description
Relay Controllers and Ladder Diagrams
403(10)
Background
Ladder Diagram Elements
Ladder Diagram Examples
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
413(26)
Relay Sequencers
Programmable Logic Controller Design
PLC Operation
Programming
PLC Software Functions
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Controller Principles
439(42)
Instructional Objectives
439(1)
Introduction
439(1)
Process Characteristics
440(2)
Process Equation
Process Load
Process Lag
Self-Regulation
Control System Parameters
442(6)
Error
Variable Range
Control Parameter Range
Control Lag
Dead Time
Cycling
Controller Modes
Discontinuous Controller Modes
448(9)
Two-Position Mode
Multiposition Mode
Floating-Control Mode
Continuous Controller Modes
457(9)
Proportional Control Mode
Integral-Control Mode
Derivative-Control Mode
Composite Control Modes
466(15)
Proportional-Integral Control (PI)
Proportional-Derivative Control Mode (PD)
Three-Mode Controller (PID)
Special Terminology
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Analog Controllers
481(32)
Instructional Objectives
481(1)
Introduction
481(1)
General Features
482(1)
Typical Physical Layout
Front Panel
Side Panel
Electronic Controllers
483(17)
Error Detector
Single Mode
Composite Controller Modes
Pneumatic Controllers
500(4)
General Features
Mode Implementation
Design Considerations
504(9)
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Computer-Based Control
513(46)
Instructional Objectives
513(1)
Introduction
513(1)
Digital Applications
514(5)
Alarms
Two-Position Control
Computer-Based Controller
519(14)
Hardware Configurations
Software Requirements
Other Computer Applications
533(7)
Data Logging
Supervisory Control
Control System Networks
540(10)
Development
General Characteristics
Fieldbus Types
Computer Controller Examples
550(9)
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Control-Loop Characteristics
559(40)
Instructional Objectives
559(1)
Introduction
559(1)
Control System Configurations
560(4)
Single Variable
Cascade Control
Multivariable Control Systems
564(4)
Analog Control
Supervisory and Direct Digital Control
Control System Quality
568(7)
Definition of Quality
Measure of Quality
Stability
575(5)
Transfer Function Frequency Dependence
Stability Criteria
Process-Loop Tuning
580(19)
Open-Loop Transient Response Method
Ziegler-Nichols Method
Frequency Response Methods
Summary
Problems
Supplementary Problems
Appendixes 599(37)
References 636(1)
Glossary 637(4)
Solutions to the Odd-Numbered Problems 641(46)
Index 687

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