Principles and Practices of Teaching Reading

by ; ;
Edition: 10th
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2001-07-24
Publisher(s): Pearson
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Summary

The tenth edition of Principles and Practices of Teaching Reading continues its long tradition of presenting an authoritative, comprehensive, and practical approach to a balanced literacy program. Features of the tenth edition include: bull; bull;Classroom applications such as specific activities and games, explicit lesson plans, suggested school assignments, and examples of decoding and comprehension strategies. bull;Portfolio assignments for students. bull;Inclusion Strategies that provide practical teaching modifications for special-needs children. bull;Literacy website at www.prenhall.com/heilman with additional resources for topics such as word study, comprehension, and emergent literacy.

Table of Contents

PART I Foundations of Literacy Instruction 2(144)
Principles of Reading Instruction
4(26)
A Message to Teachers-in-Training
6(1)
The Reading Process
6(3)
Underlying Theories
9(1)
What Constitutes a Balanced Literacy Program?
10(2)
What are the Stages of Reading Development?
12(1)
Principles of Reading Instruction
13(11)
Summary
24(2)
Bibliography
26(4)
Teacher Effectiveness in a Balanced Literacy Program
30(26)
Historical Overview
32(1)
Major Efforts: Converging Evidence
32(2)
Characteristics of Effective Literacy Instruction
34(15)
Assessing Students' Reading
35(2)
Explicit/ Direct Instruction
37(4)
Opportunity to Learn
41(2)
Attention to Learning Tasks
43(4)
Teacher Expectations
47(2)
Classroom Management
49(1)
Decision Making in Reading Instruction
49(3)
Summary
52(1)
Bibliography
53(3)
Language: The Key to Literacy
56(34)
Language and Reading and Writing
58(5)
Recognizing Words
58(1)
Constructing Meaning
59(1)
Oral Language and Reading
59(1)
Balanced Reading Instruction That Builds on Oral Language
60(1)
Contextualized Language
60(3)
Structure of Language
63(1)
Terms Associated with Phonology
63(1)
Terms Associated with Meaning Features of Language
63(1)
Terms Associated with Structural Features of Language
63(1)
Language Variations
64(1)
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners
64(1)
The Reading and Writing Connection
65(8)
Interactive Features of Reading and Writing in Constructing Meaning
69(4)
Considerations for a Language-rich Classroom Environment
73(13)
Classroom Centers
75(2)
Reading Activities and Instructional Opportunities in a Language-rich Environment
77(3)
Writing Activities and Instructional Opportunities in a Language-rich Environment
80(6)
Summary
86(1)
Bibliography
87(3)
Emergent Literacy
90(56)
The Concept of Emergent Literacy
93(2)
Characteristics of Emergent Literacy
93(1)
Variations in Children's Literacy Experiences
94(1)
Acquiring Concepts About Print: Home---School Connections
95(9)
Environmental Print
98(1)
Art and Play Activities
99(1)
Print Concepts Associated with Decontextualized Language
100(1)
Print is Meaningful
101(1)
Language Used to Talk About and Teach Literacy
101(1)
Phonemic Awareness
102(2)
Instructional Features of Early Literacy and Beginning Literacy Programs
104(16)
Language-Based Reading and Writing Instruction
105(1)
Play and Learning Centers
106(1)
Reading and Writing Centers
107(1)
Thematic Units for Writing and Reading Activities
108(2)
Literature, Book, and Writing Activities
110(5)
Poetry in the Literacy Program
115(3)
Reading Aloud and Telling Stories
118(2)
Explicit/Direct Instructional Activities
120(14)
Guided Reading
120(2)
Listening Capabilities
122(2)
Visual Discrimination
124(1)
Phonemic Awareness
125(1)
Visual and Auditory Integration
126(1)
Phonics
127(5)
Building Background Knowledge and Fostering Reading Comprehension
132(2)
Assessing Emergent Literacy
134(8)
Information from Parents
136(1)
Observing Children's Literacy Behaviors
136(4)
Classification Scheme for Assessment for Emergent Reading and Writing
140(1)
Language-Based Assessment Techniques
140(1)
Using Assessment Information
141(1)
Summary
142(1)
Bibliography
143(3)
PART II Teaching Students to Become Strategic Readers 146(152)
Word Identification
148(58)
Word-Identification Strategies
150(2)
Integration in Authentic Reading Situations
151(1)
Five Major Instructional Tasks
152(2)
Sight Vocabulary
154(9)
Names
156(2)
Picture Dictionaries
158(1)
Reporters' Questions
159(1)
Position Words
160(1)
Words Often Confused
161(1)
Scrambled Sentences
162(1)
Classification
162(1)
Phonics
163(23)
Importance of Phonic Instruction
163(2)
Tasks in Phonics
165(2)
Phonic Instruction
167(1)
Teaching Methods
168(1)
Explicit/Direct Teaching of Phonics
169(16)
Word Sorts
185(1)
Developing Fluency
186(1)
Practical Techniques for Developing Automaticity or Fluency
187(1)
Repeated Readings
187(1)
Phrase Reading
187(1)
Readers Theatre
188(1)
Structural Analysis
188(8)
Infectional Endings
190(3)
Prefixes and Suffixes
193(1)
Compound Words
194(2)
Contextual Analysis
196(6)
Syntactic Clues
198(1)
Semantic Clues
198(1)
Contextual-Analysis Instruction
199(1)
Dictionary Instruction
200(2)
Summary
202(2)
Bibliography
204(2)
Meaning Vocabulary
206(38)
Vocabulary Knowledge and Reading
208(2)
Language Development and Word Meanings
208(1)
Vocabulary Growth
209(1)
Vocabulary and Concept Development
210(1)
Explicit Vocabulary Instruction
210(21)
Concept Wheel/Circle
211(1)
Semantic Mapping
212(2)
Concept of Definition
214(2)
Webbing
216(2)
Semantic-Features Analysis
218(1)
Teaching Relationships Among Words
219(2)
Word-Association Vocabulary Instruction
221(4)
Contextual Approaches
225(1)
Modeling Application/Contribution of Context to Word Meaning
226(2)
Different Meanings for the Same Word
228(2)
Homonyms
230(1)
Language-Based Approaches
231(10)
Independent Reading Programs
231(1)
Poetry Writing
232(3)
Writing: Journals, Diaries, and Response Journals
235(1)
Student-Compiled Dictionaries
236(5)
Summary
241(2)
Bibliography
243(1)
Comprehension
244(54)
Conceptualizations of Reading Comprehension
246(7)
The Interactive View
246(1)
Schema Theory
247(6)
What to Teach
253(2)
Determining Importance
253(1)
Summarizing Information
254(1)
Drawing Inferences
254(1)
Generating Questions
254(1)
Monitoring Comprehension
254(1)
Questioning Strategies to Promote Comprehension and Understanding
255(6)
Literal Questions
255(1)
Inferential Questions
256(1)
Helping Students Develop Comprehension Strategies (Question-and-Answer Relationships)
257(2)
Teacher Responses/Wait-Time
259(2)
Explicit/Direct Comprehension Instruction
261(11)
Rethinking Explicit/Direct Instruction
261(1)
Modeling
261(3)
Scaffolding
264(1)
Effective Explicit/Direct Comprehension Instruction Guidelines
264(1)
Example of Explicit/Direct Comprehension Instruction
265(1)
Determining What is Important
266(1)
Modifying Explicit/Direct Reading Instructional Activities
267(2)
Anticipation Guides
269(1)
Developing Fluency
269(3)
Story Schema
272(3)
Setting
272(1)
Theme
273(1)
Plot
273(1)
Resolution
273(1)
Guidelines for Teaching Story Structure
274(1)
Story Mapping
275(1)
Visual Displays of Texts
275(3)
Discussion Webs
275(3)
Reciprocal Teaching
278(2)
Literature Circles
280(1)
Oral Language, Readers' Theater, and Visual Arts
281(2)
Oral-Language Interactions
281(1)
Readers' Theater
281(2)
Visual Arts
283(1)
The Reading and Writing Connection
283(5)
Probable Passages
283(1)
Thinking and Writing About What Students Read
284(3)
Developing the Reader-Writer Relationship
287(1)
Comprehension Activities
288(5)
Summary
293(1)
Bibliography
294(4)
PART III Implementing a Literacy Program 298(273)
Instructional Approaches for Teaching Literacy
300(78)
Knowing Multiple Ways to Teach for a Balanced Approach
302(1)
Background Knowledge
302(1)
Basal Readers
302(53)
Design and Content
305(2)
Advantages of Basal Series
307(1)
Today's Newer Basals
308(2)
Teacher's Editions
310(1)
Practice Materials
310(2)
Guided Reading
312(1)
Guided Reading Plan
313(1)
A Critical View
314(38)
Going Beyond the Basal
352(3)
Instructional Procedures
355(8)
The Language-Experience Approach (LEA)
355(3)
Features of the LEA
358(2)
Expansions and Variations of the Language-Experience Approach
360(3)
Use of Technology in Literacy Instruction
363(9)
Software Programs
365(3)
Computer-Based Multimedia
368(2)
Software Evaluation
370(2)
Instructional Principles
372(1)
Summary
372(3)
Bibliography
375(3)
Literature-Based Reading Programs
378(34)
Literature-Based Reading Programs
380(3)
The Literature and Reading Connection
381(2)
Selecting Literature
383(5)
Sources
383(1)
Evaluation Criteria
384(4)
Developing Literary Enjoyment and Appreciation
388(5)
Oral Reading to Students
388(2)
Recreational Reading Groups
390(2)
Reader-Response Groups
392(1)
Developing Reading Skills Through Literature
393(3)
Using Predictable Books
393(1)
Increasing Vocabulary Knowledge Through Literature
394(2)
Semantic Mapping and Vocabulary Development
396(1)
Developing Understanding of Literary Elements
396(11)
Semantic Mapping
397(3)
Plot Structures
400(1)
Modeling Literary Analysis
401(6)
Summary
407(1)
Bibliography
408(4)
Content-Area Reading
412(36)
Major Goals and Trends in Content Reading
414(2)
Content-Oriented Literature
414(1)
Integrating Writing in the Content Areas
414(1)
Integrating Comprehension Strategies
415(1)
Primary-Grade Emphasis
416(1)
Expository Text
416(6)
Organizational Structures
418(1)
Readability
418(4)
Components of Content Reading
422(22)
Vocabulary Development
423(3)
Studying Strategies
426(7)
Reading and Study Skills
433(4)
Collecting, Analyzing, and Criticizing Data
437(7)
Summary
444(2)
Bibliography
446(2)
Literacy Assessment
448(46)
Meeting Individual Needs
450(1)
Differentiated Instruction
450(1)
Forms of Assessment
451(1)
Standardized Tests
451(5)
Typical Features
452(1)
Norm-Referenced Tests
453(2)
Criterion-Referenced Tests
455(1)
Diagnostic Tests
455(1)
Cautions About Standardized Tests
456(1)
Informal Assessment
456(34)
Teacher Observation/Kid Watching
458(1)
Assessment Materials That Accompany Published Reading Materials
458(3)
Informal Reading Inventories
461(5)
Running Records
466(8)
Cloze Procedure
474(2)
Authentic Assessment/Performance-Based Assessment
476(4)
Rubrics
480(1)
Anecdotal Records
481(1)
Response Journals
482(5)
Portfolios
487(3)
Summary
490(2)
Bibliography
492(2)
Classroom Management and Organization
494(34)
The Importance of Classroom Management
496(1)
Preventative Classroom Management
496(3)
Grouping for Instruction
499(9)
Large Groups
500(1)
Small Groups
500(1)
Paired/Peer Groups
501(1)
Skill Groups
502(1)
Interest Groups
502(1)
Research Groups
502(1)
Cooperative Groups
502(3)
Ability Groups
505(3)
Organizing a Class for Instruction
508(2)
Alternative Management Approaches
510(7)
The Ungraded School
510(2)
The Integrated Unit
512(5)
Individualized Reading
517(6)
Practices
517(2)
Problems
519(4)
Applications
523(1)
Summary
523(2)
Bibliography
525(3)
Focus on All Learners
528(43)
Accepting Differences
530(1)
Cultural and Linguistic Diversity
530(1)
Early Reading Approaches for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
531(5)
Academic Early Reading Intervention
532(4)
Approaches to Teaching Reading and Writing to Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students
536(14)
The Language-Experience Approach
537(1)
An Integrated Language Approach
538(3)
The Literature-Based Reading Approach: Integrating Multiethnic Literature
541(6)
The Oral Reading Approach
547(2)
The Basal Reader Approach
549(1)
The Dual-Language Reading Approach
550(1)
Expanding and Developing Meaning Vocabulary
550(1)
Special Students
551(15)
Mainstreaming
551(2)
Inclusion
553(2)
The Individualized Education Plan
555(5)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
560(3)
Gifted Students
563(3)
Summary
566(2)
Bibliography
568(3)
Appendix 571(10)
Glossary 581(4)
Index 585

Excerpts

A knowledgeable, thinking, and caring teacher of reading is a key variable in whether or not children will be successful in learning to read. The tenth edition ofPrinciples and Practices of Teaching Readingcontinues to be based on this assertion. Recent research on successful reading programs has again highlighted the important role of the teacher and has identified instructional variables that promote student learning. Those variables of teacher beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors that contribute to student achievement in reading form the hallmarks of this book.This edition ofPrinciples and Practices of Teaching Readingcontinues to reflect the importance of teaching children to read by presenting new topics and expanding other significant literacy topics. The major focus of the text is to present, in a reader-friendly format, the implementation of a comprehensive and balanced viewpoint in teaching children to become literate. One of the long-standing hallmarks of the text continues to be a blending of both concise syntheses of up-to-date research findings and practical strategies, activities, and lesson plans for illustrative purposes. The many practical examples, games, lesson plans, and activities provide concrete ideas for the classroom. In addition, each chapter has field-based assignments and portfolio entries.Significant changes in this edition include: An extensively revised discussion of balanced reading programs stressing the importance and necessity of combining research-based skills and strategies with fine literature; Summaries of major findings from the National Reading Research Center, CIERA, and the National Reading Panel; A revised chapter on emergent literacy; Expanded coverage of interactive strategies to promote reading comprehension; A revised chapter on literature-based reading by Donna Norton, author of the classic textbook on children's literature,Through the Eyes of a Child; Expanded coverage for meeting the needs of diverse learners; Updated flashback features, which provide a valuable historical perspective on teaching reading; Updated "Inclusion Strategies" sections that provide modifications of various topics when working with children with special needs in regular classrooms; and For professors, a new Instructor's Manual that includes test questions, discussion questions, and blackline transparency masters. AcknowledgmentsWriting a book is certainly a team effort. We thank our many students, public school teachers, and colleagues for their insights into and suggestions for several parts of this revision. Finally, we would like to extend our appreciation to the staff at Merrill/Prentice Hall, especially Linda Montgomery and Linda Bayma, and Amy Gehl of Carlisle Publishers Services for their help and expert guidance throughout the preparation of this book.

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