Practical Environmental Analysis

by Radojevic, Miroslav; Bashkin, V. N.

ISBN13: 9780854045945

ISBN10: 0854045945

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 1999-07-01

Publisher(s): Royal Society of Chemistry

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Summary

Provides detailed instructions for practical experiments in environmental analysis. Provides comprehensive coverage including the chemical analysis of important pollutants in air, water, soil and plant tissue. Softcover.

Introduction

(43)

The Environment

(8)

Biogeochemical Cycles

(2)

Environmental Pollution

(4)

Environmental Standards

(1)

Environmental Analysis

(3)

Aims of Analysis

(1)

Types of Analysis

(2)

Stages of Analysis

(1)

Sampling and Storage

(4)

Sampling

(2)

Storage

(2)

Sample Treatment

(1)

Analytical Methods

(4)

Selection of Method

(2)

Classical Analysis

(1)

Instrumental Analysis

(1)

Test Kits and Portable Laboratories

(1)

Standardisation and Calibration

(2)

Standardisation

(1)

Calibration

(1)

Standard Addition

(2)

Blanks

(1)

Analytical Data

(13)

Concentration Units

(1)

Significant Figures

(1)

Accuracy and Precision

(1)

Errors

(1)

Reporting of Results

(2)

Rejection of Data

(1)

Correlation Coefficient

(4)

Linear Regression

(1)

Detection Limits

(1)

Reference Materials

(1)

Quality Control

(1)

Common Problems of Environmental Analysis

(3)

A Word of Advice

(1)

Exercises and Information

(4)

Questions and Problems

(2)

Suggestions for Projects

(1)

Reference

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

Rainwater Analysis

(30)

Acid Rain

(8)

Causes of Acid Rain

(3)

Effects of Acid Rain

(1)

Control of Acid Rain

(1)

Sampling and Analysis

(3)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

(4)

Questions and Problems

(1)

pH, Conductivity and Major Anions

(5)

Methodology

(1)

Bottle Preparation

(1)

Sampling

(1)

Conductivity

(1)

Major Anions (Chloride, Nitrate, Sulfate)

(1)

Major Cations

(4)

Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals (Na, K, Mg, Ca)

(3)

Ammonium

(1)

Heavy metals

(1)

Exercises and Information

(5)

Questions and Problems

(3)

Suggestions for Projects

(1)

References

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

Air Analysis

(64)

Introduction

(18)

The Atmosphere

(1)

Air Pollution

(2)

Urban Smog

(7)

Haze

(1)

Control of Air Pollution

(1)

Concentration Units

(1)

Measurement of Air Pollution

(1)

Reporting Air Quality

(3)

Questions and Problems

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

(2)

Reference

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

Sampling

(7)

Introduction

(1)

Absorption Train

(1)

Impregnated Filters

(1)

Diffusion Tubes

(1)

Denuder Tubes

(1)

Solid Adsorbents

(1)

Indicator Tubes

(1)

Cryogenic Trapping

(1)

Grab Sampling

(1)

Aerosol Sampling

(1)

Questions and Problems

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

(8)

Introduction

(2)

Methodology

101

(1)

Materials

102

(1)

Experimental Procedure

103

(3)

Questions and Problems

106

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

107

(1)

Reference

107

(1)

Further Reading

107

(1)

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

107

(6)

Introduction

107

(2)

Methodology

109

(1)

Materials

109

(1)

Experimental Procedure

109

(2)

Questions and Problems

111

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

111

(1)

Reference

112

(1)

Further Reading

112

(1)

Ozone (O3)

113

(4)

Introduction

113

(1)

Methodology

114

(1)

Materials

114

(1)

Experimental Procedure

114

(2)

Questions and Problems

116

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

116

(1)

Further Reading

117

(1)

Ammonia (NH3)

117

(4)

Introduction

117

(1)

Methodology

118

(1)

Materials

118

(1)

Experimental Procedure

118

(2)

Questions and Problems

120

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

120

(1)

Further Reading

120

(1)

Hydrogen Chloride

121

(4)

Introduction

121

(1)

Methodology

122

(1)

Materials

122

(1)

Experimental Procedure

123

(1)

Questions and Problems

124

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

125

(1)

Further Reading

125

(1)

Atmospheric Aerosol: Heavy Metals and Major Constituents

125

(13)

Introduction

125

(3)

Sampling and Analysis

128

(2)

Sampling Procedure and Mass Determination

130

(1)

Heavy Metals

131

(3)

Major Components

134

(2)

Questions and Problems

136

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

136

(1)

Further Reading

137

(1)

Water Analysis

138

(136)

Introduction

138

(20)

The Hydrosphere

138

(1)

Water Pollution

138

(2)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

140

(1)

Eutrophication

141

(1)

Acidification

142

(2)

Salinity

144

(1)

Coastal Pollution

144

(2)

Groundwater Pollution

146

(1)

Wastewater Treatment

147

(3)

Potable Water Treatment

150

(1)

Water Analysis

151

(1)

Sampling and Storage

152

(2)

Filtration

154

(1)

Questions and Problems

155

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

156

(1)

Reference

157

(1)

Further Reading

157

(1)

Solids in Waters

158

(8)

Introduction

158

(2)

Methodology

160

(1)

Total Solids (TS)

161

(1)

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

162

(1)

Suspended Solids (SS)

163

(1)

Fixed and Volatile Solids

163

(1)

Settleable Solids

164

(1)

Questions and Problems

165

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

166

(1)

Further Reading

166

(1)

Electrochemical Measurements

166

(9)

166

(2)

Conductivity

168

(1)

Redox Potential

169

(5)

Questions and Problems

174

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

174

(1)

Further Reading

174

(1)

Hardness

175

(5)

Introduction

175

(1)

Methodology

176

(1)

Materials

177

(1)

Experimental Procedure

177

(2)

Questions and Problems

179

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

180

(1)

Further Reading

180

(1)

Alkalinity

180

(8)

Introduction

180

(1)

Methodology

181

(2)

Materials

183

(1)

Experimental Procedure

183

(4)

Questions and Problems

187

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

187

(1)

Further Reading

188

(1)

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

188

(8)

Introduction

188

(4)

Methodology

192

(1)

Materials

192

(1)

Experimental Procedure

193

(1)

Questions and Problems

194

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

195

(1)

Further Reading

195

(1)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

196

(8)

Introduction

196

(3)

Methodology

199

(1)

Materials

200

(1)

Experimental Procedure

201

(2)

Questions and Problems

203

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

203

(1)

Further Reading

204

(1)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

204

(8)

Introduction

204

(3)

Methodology

207

(1)

Materials

207

(1)

Experimental Procedure

208

(3)

Questions and Problems

211

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

211

(1)

Further Reading

211

(1)

Chlorophyll

212

(5)

Introduction

212

(1)

Methodology

213

(1)

Materials

213

(1)

Experimental Procedure

214

(2)

Questions and Problems

216

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

216

(1)

Reference

217

(1)

Further Reading

217

(1)

Nitrogen

217

(18)

Introduction

217

(2)

Ammonia

219

(6)

Nitrate

225

(4)

Nitrite

229

(2)

Organic Nitrogen

231

(3)

Questions and Problems

234

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

234

(1)

Further Reading

235

(1)

Phosphorus

235

(10)

Introduction

235

(4)

Methodology

239

(1)

Orthophosphates

240

(2)

Condensed Phosphates

242

(1)

Organic Phosphorus

243

(1)

Questions and Problems

243

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

244

(1)

Further Reading

245

(1)

Chloride

245

(3)

Introduction

245

(1)

Methodology

245

(1)

Materials

246

(1)

Experimental Procedure

247

(1)

Questions and Problems

247

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

248

(1)

Further Reading

248

(1)

Fluoride

248

(3)

Introduction

248

(1)

Methodology

249

(1)

Materials

249

(1)

Experimental Procedure

250

(1)

Questions and Problems

250

(1)

Suggestion for Project

250

(1)

Further Reading

251

(1)

Sulfate

251

(4)

Introduction

251

(1)

Methodology

252

(1)

Materials

253

(1)

Experimental Procedure

253

(1)

Questions and Problems

254

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

255

(1)

Further Reading

255

(1)

Iron

255

(6)

Introduction

255

(2)

Methodology

257

(1)

Materials

257

(1)

Experimental Procedure

258

(2)

Questions and Problems

260

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

260

(1)

Further Reading

261

(1)

Heavy Metals

261

(13)

Introduction

261

(1)

Aluminium

262

(1)

Copper

263

(1)

Lead

263

(1)

Mercury

264

(1)

Tin

265

(1)

Analysis

265

(1)

Methodology

266

(1)

Materials

266

(1)

Experimental Procedure

266

(5)

Questions and Problems

271

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

271

(2)

Further Reading

273

(1)

Soil, Sludge, Sediment and Dust Analysis

274

(104)

Introduction

274

(14)

The Pedosphere

274

(1)

Soil

275

(4)

Soil Pollution

279

(2)

Soil Remediation

281

(3)

Sewage Sludge

284

(2)

Sediment

286

(1)

Dust

287

(1)

Sampling and Sample Preparation

288

(7)

Sampling

288

(5)

Drying

293

(1)

Comminution

293

(1)

Questions and Problems

294

(1)

Suggestion for Project

294

(1)

Further Reading

295

(1)

Dissolution and Extraction

295

(10)

Fusion

298

(2)

Acid Digestion

300

(1)

Dissolution of Individual Elements

301

(2)

Extractions

303

(1)

Questions and Problems

304

(1)

Suggestion for Projects

305

(1)

Further Reading

305

(1)

Physical Parameters

305

(7)

Introduction

305

(1)

Bulk Density

306

(1)

Specific Gravity

307

(1)

Water Content

308

(1)

Loss-on-ignition

308

(1)

Particle Size

309

(2)

Questions and Problems

311

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

311

(1)

Further Reading

312

(1)

Electrochemical Measurements

312

(8)

Introduction

312

(1)

Conductivity

313

(1)

313

(2)

Redox Potential

315

(3)

Questions and Problems

318

(1)

Suggestion for Projects

319

(1)

Reference

320

(1)

Further Reading

320

(1)

Alkalinity

320

(2)

Introduction

320

(1)

Experimental Procedure

321

(1)

Questions and Problems

322

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

322

(1)

Soluble Ions

322

(3)

Introduction

322

(1)

Experimental Procedure

323

(1)

Questions and Problems

324

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

325

(1)

Reference

325

(1)

Further Reading

325

(1)

Organic Matter

325

(6)

Introduction

325

(2)

Methodology

327

(1)

Materials

327

(1)

Experimental Procedure

327

(2)

Questions and Problems

329

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

330

(1)

Further Reading

330

(1)

Nitrogen

331

(11)

Introduction

331

(1)

Organic Nitrogen

332

(2)

Exchangeable Ammonium

334

(1)

Exchangeable Nitrate

335

(2)

Exchangeable Nitrite

337

(1)

Mineralisable Nitrogen

338

(1)

Nitrogen-mineralising Capacity

339

(1)

Ammonia-N in Fresh Sludge and Sediment Samples

340

(1)

Questions and Problems

341

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

341

(1)

Further Reading

342

(1)

Phosphorus

342

(6)

Introduction

342

(2)

Total Phosphorus, Total Organic Phosphorus and Total Inorganic Phosphorus

344

(1)

Truog's Extraction

345

(1)

Olsen's Extraction

345

(1)

Acetic Acid Extraction

346

(1)

Water Extraction

346

(1)

Analysis

346

(1)

Questions and Problems

347

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

348

(1)

Further Reading

348

(1)

Sulfur

348

(2)

Introduction

348

(1)

Methodology

349

(1)

Experimental Procedure

350

(1)

Further Reading

350

(1)

Exchangeable Cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

350

(6)

Introduction

350

(2)

Materials

352

(1)

Exchangeable Cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+)

353

(1)

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

354

(1)

Questions and Problems

355

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

355

(1)

Further Reading

356

(1)

Heavy Metals

356

(22)

Introduction

356

(2)

Aluminium

358

(1)

Arsenic

359

(1)

Cadmium

359

(1)

Chromium

360

(1)

Lead

360

(3)

Manganese

363

(1)

Mercury

363

(1)

Nickel

364

(1)

Silicon

364

(1)

Zinc

365

(1)

Other Metals

366

(1)

Analysis

366

(1)

Methodology

367

(1)

Hydrofluoric Acid-Perchloric Acid Digestion

367

(1)

Nitric Acid Digestion

367

(2)

Aqua Regia Digestion

369

(1)

Nitric Acid-Hydrogen Peroxide Digestion

369

(2)

Cold Vapour Mercury Analysis

371

(3)

Questions and Problems

374

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

375

(1)

Reference

376

(1)

Further Reading

376

(2)

Plant Analysis

378

(86)

Introduction

378

(7)

Plants and Pollution

381

(2)

Plant Analysis

383

(2)

Questions and Problems

385

(1)

References

385

(1)

Further Reading

385

(1)

Sampling and Sample Preparation

385

(5)

Plant Part

386

(1)

Time of Sampling

386

(1)

Methods of Sampling

387

(1)

Sample Preparation

388

(2)

Questions and Problems

390

(1)

Suggestions for Project

390

(1)

Further Reading

390

(1)

Digestion and Extraction

390

(5)

Introduction

390

(1)

Dry Ashing

391

(2)

Wet Ashing

393

(1)

Questions and Problems

394

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

394

(1)

Further Reading

394

(1)

Water Content and Ash Content

395

(2)

Water Content

395

(1)

Ash Content

395

(1)

Silica-free Ash

396

(1)

Questions and Problems

397

(1)

Suggestions for Project

397

(1)

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

397

(2)

Introduction

397

(1)

Nitrogen

397

(1)

Phosphorus

398

(1)

Sulfur

398

(1)

Questions and Problems

399

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

399

(1)

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, and Magnesium

399

(1)

Introduction

399

(1)

Experimental Procedure

399

(1)

Questions and Problems

400

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

400

(1)

Nitrate and Nitrite

400

(4)

Introduction

400

(2)

Methodology

402

(1)

Experimental Procedure

402

(1)

Questions and Problems

403

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

403

(1)

Further Reading

403

(1)

Heavy Metals

404

(5)

Introduction

404

(2)

Metholology

406

(1)

Experimental Procedure

406

(1)

Questions and Problems

407

(1)

Suggestions for Projects

407

(1)

Reference

408

(1)

Further Reading

408

(1)

Appendices

I Safety

409

(3)

II Laboratory Practice

412

(37)

III Environmental Standards

449

(11)

IV Recommended Groundwater and Leachate Monitoring for Landfill Sites

460

(2)

V Statistical Tables

462

(2)

Subject Index

464

Practical Environmental Analysis

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