POWER CONVERTERS, DRIVES AND CONTROLS FOR SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS

Written and edited by a group of experts in the field, this groundbreaking reference work sets the standard for engineers, students, and professionals working with power converters, drives, and controls, offering the scientific community a way towards combating sustainable operations.

The future of energy and power generation is complex. Demand is increasing, and the demand for cleaner energy and electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing with it. With this increase in demand comes an increase in the demand for power converters. Part one of this book is on switched-mode converters and deals with the need for power converters, their topologies, principles of operation, their steady-state performance, and applications. Conventional topologies like buck, boost, buck-boost converters, inverters, multilevel inverters, and derived topologies are covered in part one with their applications in fuel cells, photovoltaics (PVs), and EVs.

Part two is concerned with electrical machines and converters used for EV applications. Standards for EV, charging infrastructure, and wireless charging methodologies are addressed. The last part deals with the dynamic model of the switched-mode converters. In any DC-DC converter, it is imperative to control the output voltage as desired. Such a control may be achieved in a variety of ways. While several types of control strategies are being evolved, the popular method of control is through the duty cycle of the switch at a constant switching frequency. This part of the book briefly reviews the conventional control theory and builds on the same to develop advanced techniques in the closed-loop control of switch mode power converters (SMPC), such as sliding mode control, passivity-based control, model predictive control (MPC), fuzzy logic control (FLC), and backstepping control.

A standard reference work for veteran engineers, scientists, and technicians, this outstanding new volume is also a valuable introduction to new hires and students. Useful to academics, researchers, engineers, students, technicians, and other industry professionals, it is a must-have for any library.

S. Ganesh Kumar, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University, India. He has been a reviewer and board member for a number of scientific and technical journals and conferences. He has one patent, three awards, three research projects, and 50 academic publications in leading scientific conferences and journals to his credit.

Marco Rivera Abarca, PhD, is a full professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Universidad de Talca and a professor at the Power Electronics and Machine Centre of the University of Nottingham. He has published over 450 academic publications in leading scientific conferences and journals and has been a visiting professor at several universities.

S.K. Pattanaik, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University, India and has served as Director of Academic Affairs, Anna University, and Director, All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi. He researches in the area of control systems engineering. He has successfully supervised 3 research scholars and authored over 50 papers and articles in international journals & conferences He has over 25 years of teaching experience to his credit.

Preface xxi

Part I: Power Converter Topologies for Sustainable Applications 1

1 DC-DC Power Converter Topologies for Sustainable Applications 3
Nandish B. M., Pushparajesh V. and Marulasiddappa H. B.

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Classifications of DC-DC Converters 4

1.2.1 Classification of Linear Mode DC-DC Converters 5

1.2.1.1 Series Regulators 5

1.2.1.2 Parallel Regulators 6

1.2.2 Classification of Hard Switching DC-DC Converter 6

1.2.2.1 List of Isolated DC-DC Topologies 6

1.2.2.2 Classification of Non-Isolated DC-DC Converters 10

1.2.3 Classification of Soft Switching DC-DC Converter 16

1.2.3.1 Zero Current Switching (ZCS) 16

1.2.3.2 Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) 16

1.3 Applications of DC-DC Converters in Real World 16

1.4 Conclusion 18

References 18

2 DC-DC Converters for Fuel Cell Power Sources 21
M. Venkatesh Naik, Paulson Samuel and Srinivasan Pradabane

2.1 DC-DC Boost Converter in Fuel Cell (FC) Applications 22

2.2 DC-DC Buck Converter 26

2.3 DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter 27

2.4 DC-DC Cuk-Converter 29

2.5 DC-DC Sepic Converter 30

2.6 Multi-Phase and Multi-Device Techniques for Ripple Current Reduction 32

2.6.1 Multi-Device Boost Converter 33

2.6.2 Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 35

2.6.3 Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 37

2.7 The Proposed High Gain Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 42

2.7.1 Operating Principle of HGMDMPIBC 44

2.8 Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converters for Low Voltage FC Applications 48

2.8.1 Single Switch Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter 49

2.8.2 Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter 52

2.9 Proposed Multi-Device Buck-Boost Converter for Low Voltage FC Applications 57

2.10 The Proposed Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter for Low Voltage FC Applications 59

2.11 Converter Configurations for Integrating FC with 400 V Grid Voltages 62

2.11.1 Series Configuration 62

2.11.2 DC-Distributed Configuration 64

2.12 Conclusions 65

References 66

3 High Gain DC-DC Converters for Photovoltaic Applications 71
M. Prabhakar and B. Sri Revathi

3.1 Introduction 71

3.1.1 Role of DC-DC Converter in Renewable Energy System 72

3.1.2 Classical Boost Converter (CBC) 75

3.2 Gain Extension Mechanisms 77

3.2.1 Voltage-Lift Capacitor (C_lift ) 77

3.2.2 Coupled Inductor (CI) 78

3.2.3 Voltage Multiplier Cells (VMC) 79

3.3 Synthesis of High Gain DC-DC Converters 80

3.3.1 Concept of Interleaving 80

3.3.2 Interleaving Mechanism with Coupled Inductors (CIs) 83

3.3.3 VMCs at Secondary Side of CIs 84

3.4 Development of High Gain DC-DC Converters (HGCs) 84

3.4.1 HGC with 3 CIs, C_lift , and VMC 85

3.4.1.1 Design Details of HGC- 1 90

3.4.1.2 Experimental Results of Prototype HGC- 1 and Discussion 95

3.4.2 3-Phase Interleaved HGC with 1 CI, C_lift , and VMC 101

3.4.3 Modular HGC with 3 CIs, C_lift , and 3 VMCs 104

3.4.4 Compact HGC Based on Multi-Winding CI, C_lift , and VMC 107

3.4.4.1 Voltage Stress on Devices 109

3.4.4.2 Current Stress on Devices 109

3.5 Operating Capabilities of the Proposed HGCs – A Comparison 111

3.5.1 Electrical Characteristics 111

3.5.1.1 Ideal Voltage Gain 111

3.5.1.2 Loss Distribution Profile 113

3.5.2 Stress on Switches 115

3.5.2.1 Peak Voltage Stress 116

3.5.2.2 Peak Current Stress 117

3.5.3 Structural Parameters 117

3.5.3.1 Coefficient of Coupling (k) 117

3.5.3.2 Component Count (CC) and Component Utilisation Ratio (CUR) 118

3.6 Salient Features of the Presented High Gain Converters 119

3.7 Summary and Outlook 120

References 122

4 Design of DC-DC Converters for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Energy Storage System 127
T. Kripalakshmi and T. Deepa

4.1 Introduction 128

4.2 Isolated Converters 130

4.2.1 Bridge Type 130

4.2.2 Z-Source Type 131

4.2.3 Sinusoidal Amplitude High Voltage Bus Converter (sahvc) 131

4.2.4 Multiport Converter 133

4.3 Non-Isolated Converter 133

4.3.1 Conventional Converters 133

4.3.2 Interleaved Converter 134

4.3.3 Multi-Device Interleaved 135

4.4 Design of DC-DC Converter with Integration of ICPT and Battery Implementation with Digital Control Loop 136

4.4.1 Design of DC-DC for BEV with the Integration of ICPT 136

4.4.2 Digital Control with Sliding Mode Control Approach 139

4.5 Design of Converter with Hybrid Energy Storage System and Bidirectional Converter 143

4.6 Conclusion 145

References 145

5 Performance Analysis of Series Load Resonant (SLR) DC–DC Converter 149
A. Mitra, S. Bhowmik, A. Halder, S. Karmakar and T. Paul

5.1 Introduction 149

5.2 Theoretical Background 151

5.3 Simulation Results 155

5.4 Conclusion 157

References 158

6 Review on Different Methodologies of DC-AC Converter 159
Pushparajesh V., Marulasiddappa H. B. and Nandish B. M.

6.1 Introduction 160

6.2 Different Multilevel Inverter Topologies 162

6.2.1 Diode Clamped MLI (DCMLI) 162

6.2.2 Flying Capacitor mli 164

6.2.3 Cascaded H-Bridge mli 165

6.2.4 New Hybrid Cascaded mli 167

6.2.4.1 Stepped Wave Modulation Topology (swmt) 167

6.2.4.2 Fourier Series of Proposed Waveform 168

6.2.4.3 Proposed Topology (New Hybrid MLI) 169

6.3 Comparison between Various mli 172

6.4 Conclusion 173

References 173

7 Grid Connected Inverter for Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation 175
K.K. Saravanan and M. Durairasan

7.1 Single Phase Seven Level Inverter Fed Grid Connected PV System 176

7.1.1 Seven Level Inverter Topology 176

7.1.2 PWM Technique for Seven Level Inverter 177

7.1.3 Modelling and Simulation Analysis of Seven Level Inverter 180

7.2 Simlink Model of Nine Level H-Bridge Inverter 181

7.3 Three Phase Fifteen Level Inverter Fed Grid Connected System 182

7.3.1 Modified System of Fifteen Level Inverter 182

7.3.2 Modelling of Cascaded H-Bridge Fifteen Level Inverter 183

7.3.3 Evaluation of THD 184

7.4 Fesability Analysis of Photovoltaic System in Grid Connected Inverter 185

7.4.1 Modified PV-DVR System 185

7.4.1.1 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) Mode 187

7.4.1.2 Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Mode 187

7.4.1.3 Energy Conservation Mode 187

7.4.1.4 Idle Mode 187

7.4.2 Photovoltaic DC-DC Converter 188

7.4.3 Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV System 191

7.4.4 Methods of Maximum Power Point Tracking 192

7.4.4.1 Perturb and Observe Method 192

7.4.4.2 Incremental Conductance Method 193

7.4.4.3 Current Sweep Method 193

7.4.4.4 Constant Voltage Method 194

7.4.5 Comparison of MPPT Methods 194

7.4.6 Operating Principle of P&O MPPT 195

7.4.7 Simulation Results of PV-DVR System 195

7.4.8 Grid Connected System Using PV Syst Tool 197

7.4.8.1 PV System Simulation Result Analysis 199

7.5 Conclusion 199

7.6 Future Scope of Work 200

References 200

8 A Novel Fusion Switching Pattern Generation Algorithm for “N-Level” Switching Angle Algorithm Based Trinary Cascaded Hybrid Multi-Level Inverter 203
Joseph Anthony Prathap and T.S. Anandhi

8.1 Introduction 204

8.2 Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI Circuitry 206

8.3 Switching Angle Algorithm 208

8.3.1 Equal Phase Switching Angle Algorithm (EP-SAA) 209

8.3.2 Half Equal Phase Switching Angle Algorithm (hep-saa) 209

8.3.3 Feed Forward Switching Angle Algorithm (FF-SAA) 209

8.3.4 Half Height Switching Angle Algorithm (HH-SAA) 209

8.4 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid Multi-Level Inverter 210

8.4.1 SAA for 9-Level TCHMLI 210

8.4.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 215

8.4.3 Generation of DPWM for the 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 215

8.4.4 Simulation Results of 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 216

8.5 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 222

8.5.1 SAA for 27-Level TCHMLI 223

8.5.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 225

8.5.3 Generation of DPWM for the 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 231

8.5.4 Simulation Results of 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 231

8.6 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 240

8.6.1 SAA for 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 240

8.6.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 248

8.6.3 Generation of DPWM for 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 265

8.6.4 Flow Diagram of 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 266

8.6.5 5 Roles of Design Resolution in Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 266

8.6.6 Simulation Results of 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 268

8.7 FPGA Experimental Validation with Specification 279

8.8 Hardware Results and Discussion 279

8.9 Conclusion 280

References 290

9 An Inspection on Multilevel Inverters Based on Sustainable Applications 293
L. Vijayaraja, R. Dhanasekar and S. Ganesh Kumar

9.1 Introduction 293

9.2 Multilevel Inverters in Sustainable Applications 294

9.3 Development of Multilevel Inverter 299

9.3.1 Diode-Clamped 299

9.3.2 Flying Capacitor 300

9.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge mli 301

9.4 Symmetric mli 301

9.5 Asymmetric mli 305

9.6 An Examination on Current MLI’s 307

9.7 Summary 311

Acknowledgement 311

References 311

Part II: Electric Machines and Drives for Sustainable Applications 315

10 Technical Study of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and Standards 317
R. Seyezhai and S. Harika

10.1 Introduction 317

10.2 Background 318

10.3 Review of EV Charging Infrastructure 320

10.4 Review of DC-DC Converters for EVCs 323

10.5 Standards for EV and EVSE 327

10.5.1 Description of EV Connector 330

10.6 Charging Stations in India 331

10.7 Conclusion 332

References 332

11 Implementation of Model Predictive Control for Reduced Torque Ripple in Orthopaedic Surgical Drilling Applications with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 337
Ramya L. N. and Sivaprakasam A.

11.1 Introduction 338

11.2 Role of Motor in Orthopaedic Drilling Applications 341

11.2.1 BLDC Motors 341

11.2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors 341

11.2.2.1 PMSM Machine Equations 342

11.2.3 Control Methods of PMSM 343

11.3 Model Predictive Control 347

11.3.1 Structure of MPC 348

11.3.2 Cost Function 349

11.4 Predictive Control Techniques for PMSM 350

11.4.1 Conventional Model Predictive Torque Control (MPC) 350

11.4.2 Proposed MPC Technique 352

11.5 Implementation and Results 354

11.5.1 Comparative Study of Steady State Performance of Proposed MPC and Conventional MPC under Loaded Condition 355

11.5.2 Steady State Performance at 50% Rated Speed 356

11.5.3 Steady State Performance at 100% Rated Speed 357

11.5.4 Real-Time Simulation Result Analysis with OPAL-RT Lab 357

11.5.4.1 Steady-State Response 358

11.5.4.2 Start-Up Response 359

11.6 Implementation Analysis 359

11.7 Conclusion 362

References 362

12 High Precision Drives for Piezoelectric Actuators Based Motion Control Microsystems 367
D. V. Sabarianand and P. Karthikeyan

12.1 Introduction 368

12.2 Driving Methods of PEA 369

12.3 Driver Circuits for Driving PEA in High Voltage Applications 369

12.4 Different Types of Power Supply Used for Driving the Piezo Driver 377

12.5 Different Types of Voltage Regulator Used for Driving the Piezo Driver 380

12.6 Conclusions 385

References 386

13 Design and Analysis of 31-Level Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverter Topology for R, RL, & Motor Load 391
E. Duraimurugan, R. S. Jeevitha, S. Dillirani, L. Vijayaraja and S. Ganesh Kumar

13.1 Introduction 391

13.2 Incorporation of Multilevel Inverters in Various Applications 392

13.3 Modeling of 31-Level Asymmetric Inverter 394

13.3.1 Mathematical Modeling of 31-Level Inverter 395

13.3.2 Modes of Operation 396

13.3.3 Switching Principle of 31-Level Inverter 398

13.4 Simulation Circuit and Result Discussions 400

13.4.1 Block Diagram for Pulse Generation 400

13.4.2 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter with R Load 400

13.4.3 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter with RL Load 402

13.4.4 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter Fed with

1φ Induction Motor 405

13.5 Conclusion 407

Acknowledgement 407

References 407

14 Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor: Analysis and Design with Rare Earth Free Hybrid Magnets 411
P. Ramesh, D. Pradhap and N. C. Lenin

14.1 Introduction 411

14.2 Literature Survey 413

14.3 Construction and Torque Equation 415

14.4 Design Specifications and Machine Topologies 417

14.5 No-Load Characteristics 421

14.6 Performance at Various Operating Regions 424

14.7 Conclusion 429

Acknowledgment 433

References 433

15 Design of Bidirectional DC – DC Converters and Controllers for Hybrid Energy Sources in Electric Vehicles 437
R. Chandrasekaran, M. Satish Kumar Reddy, K. Selvajyothi and B. Raja

15.1 Introduction 437

15.2 Need For Hybrid Energy Management Systems in EV 439

15.3 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) 440

15.3.1 Passive Parallel HESS 441

15.3.2 Parallel Converter HESS 441

15.4 Bidirectional DC-DC Converters (BDC) 442

15.5 Specifications of DC-DC Converters 446

15.6 Control Strategy 447

15.7 Results and Discussion 449

15.8 Conclusions 459

References 460

16 Design of Rare Earth Magnet Free Traction Motor 463
Akhila K. and K. Selvajyothi

16.1 Introduction 464

16.2 Comparison Among Traction Motor Choices 468

16.3 Motor Peak Power Calculation Based on Vehicle Dynamics 473

16.4 Operating Principle of SynRM & Basic Terminologies 475

16.5 SynRM Design Concepts: Effect of Design Parameters on Performance 482

16.6 Analytical Design of SynRM 486

16.6.1 Stator & Winding Design 486

16.6.2 Rotor Design 490

16.6.2.1 Determining Barrier End Angle, α_m 491

16.6.2.2 Determining Segment Width, S_I 491

16.6.2.3 Determining Barrier Width, W1_I 493

16.7 Electromagnetic Analysis –Results & Discussion 496

16.8 Investigation on Impact of Different Parameters 500

16.8.1 Torque-Speed Curve 506

16.9 Summary 510

16.10 Future Work 513

References 513

17 Implementation of Automatic Unmanned Battery Charging System for Electric Cars 517
Shefali Jagwani

17.1 Introduction 518

17.2 Proposed System 521

17.3 MATLAB Simulation 523

17.3.1 Mathematical Modelling 523

17.3.2 Simulation and Analysis of Battery Discharging at EV Charging Station 526

17.4 Conclusion 529

References 529

18 Improved Dual Output DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Application 533
R. Latha

18.1 Introduction 534

18.2 Proposed Dual Output Quadratic Boost Converter 537

18.2.1 Solar PV System 537

18.2.1.1 Mathematical Modeling of PV System 537

18.2.2 Switching Methodology 538

18.2.2.1 Topology of Proposed Converter 539

18.2.3 Estimation of Parameters of Proposed SIDO Converter 543

18.2.3.1 Design Example 544

18.3 Simulation of the Proposed Converter 545

18.4 Experimental Results 545

18.5 Conclusion 550

References 551

19 DFIG Based Wind Energy Conversion Using Direct Matrix Converter 553
Vineet Dahiya

Chapter-i 554

Introduction 554

19.1 Introduction to Matrix Converters 558

19.2 Introduction to Control and Modulation Techniques in Matrix Convertor 559

19.3 Introduction to Predictive Control Techniques 562

Chapter-ii 562

Concept and System Description: Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) in Wind Energy Conversion System 562

Chapter-iii 571

Modeling and Simulation of DFIG in MATLAB 571

Chapter-iv 574

The Matrix Converter and Predictive Control Technique 574

19.4 Topologies of Matrix Converters and Use of Predictive Control 583

19.5 Conclusion 588

19.6 Scope for Future Work 589

References 590

Part III: Trends in Control Methods for Sustainable Applications 595

20 Microgrid: Recent Trends and Control 597
S. Monesha and S. Ganesh Kumar

20.1 Introduction 598

20.2 MG Concept 599

20.2.1 Different Structures of MG 600

20.2.1.1 Ac Mg 600

20.2.1.2 dc Mg 601

20.2.1.3 Hybrid AC/DC MG 602

20.2.1.4 Urban DC MG 602

20.2.1.5 Ceiling DC MG 602

20.3 MG Control Layer 603

20.4 Functional Requirements of MG Management 604

20.4.1 Forecast 604

20.4.2 Real-Time Optimization 604

20.4.3 Data Analysis and Communication 604

20.4.4 Human Machine Interface 605

20.5 Energy Management Schemes 605

20.5.1 Communication-Based Energy Management 605

20.5.2 The Communication-Less Energy Management System 608

20.6 Overview of MG Control 611

20.6.1 Power Flow Control by Current Regulation 611

20.6.2 Power Flow Control by Voltage Regulation 612

20.6.3 Agent-Based Control 613

20.6.4 Multi-Agent System (MAS) Based Distributed Control 613

20.6.5 PQ Control 614

20.6.6 VSI Control 614

20.6.7 Central Control 614

20.6.8 Master/Slave Control 615

20.6.9 Distributed Control 615

20.6.10 Droop Control 616

20.6.11 Control Design Based on Transfer Function 616

20.6.12 Direct Lyapunov Control (DLC) 617

20.6.13 Passivity Based Control (PBC) 617

20.6.14 Model Predictive Control (MPC) 618

20.7 IEEE and IEC Standards 621

20.8 Challenges of MG Controls 623

20.8.1 Future Trends 624

Acknowledgement 624

References 624

21 Control Techniques in Sustainable Applications 631
R. Dhanasekar, L. Vijayaraja and S. Ganesh Kumar

21.1 Introduction 632

21.2 Sliding Mode Control Techniques in Sustainable Applications 634

21.3 Passivity-Based Control in Sustainable Applications 644

21.4 Model Predictive Control in Sustainable Applications 650

21.5 Conclusion 655

Acknowledgement 655

References 655

22 Optimization Techniques for Minimizing Power Loss in Radial Distribution Systems by Placing Wind and Solar Systems 659
S. Angalaeswari, D. Subbulekshmi and T. Deepa

I. Introduction 660

22.1 Distribution Systems 660

22.2 Radial Distribution Network 661

22.3 Power Loss Minimization 662

22.4 Optimization Techniques 664

22.5 MATLAB Tools for Optimization Techniques 670

22.6 Conclusion 674

References 675

Appendix 679

23 Passivity Based Control for DC-DC Converters 681
Arathy Rajeev V.K. and Ganesh Kumar S.

23.1 Introduction 681

23.2 Passivity Based Control 683

23.3 Control Law Generation Using ESDI, ESEDPOF, Etedpof 686

23.3.1 Energy Shaping and Damping Injection (ESDI) 686

23.3.2 Exact Tracking Error Dynamics Passive Output Feedback (ETEDPOF) 687

23.3.3 Exact Static Error Dynamics Passive Output Feedback 692

23.4 Control Law Generation Using ETEDPOF Method for DC Drives 692

23.4.1 Buck Converter Fed DC Motor 692

23.4.2 Boost Converter Fed DC Motor 697

23.4.3 Luo Converter Fed DC Motor 701

23.5 Sensitivity Analysis 706

23.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Buck Converter 707

23.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Boost Converter 709

23.5.3 Sensitivity Analysis of a Luo Converter 710

23.6 Reference Profile Generation 713

23.6.1 Boost Converter Fed DC Motor 713

23.6.2 Luo Converter Fed DC Motor 715

23.7 Load Torque Estimation 719

23.7.1 Reduced-Order Observer for Load Torque Estimation 719

23.7.2 SROO Approach for Load Torque Estimation 720

23.7.3 Load Torque Estimation Using Online Algebraic Approach 721

23.7.4 Sensorless Online Algebraic Approach (SAA) for Load Torque Estimation 723

23.8 Applications of PBC 724

23.9 Conclusion 726

References 728

24 Modeling, Analysis, and Design of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Sustainable System Using MATLAB 731
T. Deepa, D. Subbulekshmi and S. Angalaeswari

24.1 Introduction 732

24.2 Modeling of MIMO System 734

24.3 Analysis of MIMO System Using MATLAB 734

24.4 Optimization Techniques for PID Parameter 742

24.4.1 Controller Design 742

24.4.1.1 PID Controller Design 742

24.4.2 Optimization of PID Controller Parameter 743

24.5 Fuzzy Logic Controller Using MATLAB/Simulink 744

24.6 Conclusion 745

References 746

25 Development of Backstepping Controller for Buck Converter 749
R. Sureshkumar and S. Ganesh Kumar

25.1 Introduction 749

25.2 Buck Converter With R-Load 751

25.2.1 Mathematical Model 752

25.2.2 Buck Converter with PMDC Motor 752

25.2.3 Mathematical Model 753

25.3 Controller Design 754

25.3.1 Basic Block Diagram for PI/Backstepping Controller 754

25.3.2 Conventional PI Controller Design 754

25.3.3 Backstepping Controller Design 756

25.3.4 Backstepping Control Algorithm 757

25.3.5 Controller Design for Buck Converter with R-Load 757

25.4 Simulation Results 766

25.5 Hardware Details 768

25.5.1 Buck Converter Specifications 771

25.5.2 Advanced Regulating Pulse Width Modulator 773

25.5.3 Principles of Operation 774

25.6 Hardware Results 775

25.7 Conclusion 777

References 778

26 Analysing Control Algorithms for Controlling the Speed of BLDC Motors Using Green IoT 779
V. Evelyn Brindha and X. Anitha Mary

26.1 Introduction 779

26.2 Working of BLDC Motor 780

26.3 Speed Control of Motor 781

26.4 Speed Control of BLDC Motor with FPGA 786

26.5 Advancements in Green IoT for BLDC Motors 786

26.6 Conclusion 787

References 787

Index 789