Physics of Solar Cells From Basic Principles to Advanced Concepts

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Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2009-03-23
Publisher(s): Wiley-VCH
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Summary

Based on the highly regarded and extremely successful first edition, this thoroughly revised, updated and expanded edition contains the latest knowledge on the mechanisms of solar energy conversion. The textbook describes in detail all aspects of solar cell function, the physics behind every single step, as well as all the issues to be considered when improving solar cells and their efficiency. Requiring no more than standard physics knowledge, the book enables both students and researchers to understand the factors driving conversion efficiency and to apply this knowledge to their own solar cell development. New exercises after each chapter help students to consolidate their freshly acquired knowledge, while the book also serves as a reference for researchers already working in this exciting and challenging field.

Author Biography

Peter Wurfel studied physics at the University of Karlsruhe where he attended lectures in the same lecture hall in which Heinrich Hertz discovered the electro-magnetic waves in 1888. He obtained his PhD from the University of Karlsruhe and later became a Professor at the same university himself. His research activities started with ferroelectric thin films, mostly for pyroelectric infrared detectors. He always kept an interest in photovoltaics and has concentrated his efforts in this field over the last 20 years.

Table of Contents

List of Symbolsp. ix
Prefacep. xi
Problems of the Energy Economyp. 1
Energy Economyp. 1
Estimate of the Maximum Reserves of Fossil Energyp. 4
The Greenhouse Effectp. 6
Combustionp. 6
The Temperature of the Earthp. 7
Problemsp. 9
Photonsp. 11
Black-body Radiationp. 11
Photon Density n¿ in a Cavity (Planck's Law of Radiation)p. 12
Energy Current Through an Area dA into the Solid Angle d¿p. 16
Radiation from a Spherical Surface into the Solid Angle d¿p. 19
Radiation from a Surface Element into a Hemisphere (Stefan-Boltzmann Radiation Law)p. 20
Kirchhoff's Law of Radiation for Nonblack Bodiesp. 22
Absorption by Semiconductorsp. 24
The Solar Spectrump. 25
Air Massp. 26
Concentration of the Solar Radiationp. 28
The Abbé Sine Conditionp. 29
Geometrical Opticsp. 30
Concentration of Radiation Using the Sine Conditionp. 32
Maximum Efficiency of Solar Energy Conversionp. 33
Problemsp. 40
Semiconductorsp. 43
Electrons in Semiconductorsp. 44
Distribution Function for Electronsp. 45
Density of States De(Ee) for Electronsp. 45
Density of Electronsp. 50
Holesp. 52
Dopingp. 55
Quasi-Fermi Distributionsp. 59
Fermi Energy and Electrochemical Potentialp. 61
Work Functionp. 66
Generation of Electrons and Holesp. 67
Absorption of Photonsp. 67
Generation of Electron-Hole Pairsp. 71
Recombination of Electrons and Holesp. 74
Radiative Recombination, Emission of Photonsp. 74
Nonradiative Recombinationp. 77
Lifetimesp. 87
Light Emission by Semiconductorsp. 90
Transition Rates and Absorption Coefficientp. 90
Problemsp. 95
Conversion of Thermal Radiation into Chemical Energyp. 97
Maximum Efficiency for the Production of Chemical Energyp. 100
Problemsp. 105
Conversion of Chemical Energy into Electrical Energyp. 107
Transport of Electrons and Holesp. 107
Field Currentp. 108
Diffusion Currentp. 109
Total Charge Currentp. 111
Separation of Electrons and Holesp. 113
Diffusion Length of Minority Carriersp. 115
Dielectric Relaxationp. 117
Ambipolar Diffusionp. 118
Dember Effectp. 119
Mathematical Descriptionp. 122
Problemsp. 123
Basic Structure of Solar Cellsp. 125
A Chemical Solar Cellsp. 125
Basic Mechanisms in Solar Cellsp. 129
Dye Solar Cellp. 131
The pn-Junctionp. 132
Electrochemical Equilibrium of Electrons in a pn-Junction in the Darkp. 133
Potential Distribution across a pn-Junctionp. 134
Current-Voltage Characteristic of the pn-Junctionp. 137
pn-Junction with Impurity Recombination, Two-diode Modelp. 143
Heterojunctionsp. 145
Semiconductor-Metal Contactp. 148
Schottky Contactp. 150
MIS Contactp. 151
The Role of the Electric Field in Solar Cellsp. 151
Organic Solar Cellsp. 155
Excitonsp. 156
Structure of Organic Solar Cellsp. 159
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)p. 163
Problemsp. 164
Limitations on Energy Conversion in Solar Cellsp. 167
Maximum Efficiency of Solar Cellsp. 167
Efficiency of Solar Cells as a Function of Their Energy Gapp. 170
The Optimal Silicon Solar Cellp. 172
Light Trappingp. 173
Thin-film Solar Cellsp. 178
Minimal Thickness of a Solar Cellp. 179
Equivalent Circuitp. 180
Temperature Dependence of the Open-circuit Voltagep. 181
Intensity Dependence of the Efficiencyp. 182
Efficiencies of the Individual Energy Conversion Processesp. 183
Problemsp. 185
Concepts for Improving the Efficiency of Solar Cellsp. 187
Tandem Cellsp. 187
The Electrical Interconnection of Tandem Cellsp. 191
Concentrator Cellsp. 192
Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversionp. 194
Impact Ionizationp. 195
Hot Electrons from Impact Ionizationp. 198
Energy Conversion with Hot Electrons and Holesp. 198
Two-step Excitation in Three-level Systemsp. 201
Impurity Photovoltaic Effectp. 202
Up-and Down-conversion of Photonsp. 206
Problemsp. 209
Prospects for the Futurep. 211
Solutionsp. 215
Appendixp. 235
Referencesp. 239
Indexp. 241
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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