Petroleum Refining

by Gary, James H.; Handwerk, Glenn E.

ISBN13: 9780824791575

ISBN10: 0824791576

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 1993-11-01

Publisher(s): Marcel Dekker Inc

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Author Biography

James H. Gary is Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Refining at the Colorado School of Mines, Golden Glenn E. Handwerk is a consulting chemical engineer in private practice in Golden, Colorado

Preface	p. iii
Introduction	p. 1
Overall Refinery Flow	p. 3
Refinery Products	p. 5
Low-Boiling Products	p. 6
Gasoline	p. 9
Gasoline Specifications	p. 13
Distillate Fuels	p. 16
Jet and Turbine Fuels	p. 16
Automotive Diesel Fuels	p. 17
Railroad Diesel Fuels	p. 18
Heating Oils	p. 19
Residual Fuel Oils	p. 20
Notes	p. 20
Refinery Feedstocks	p. 21
Crude Oil Properties	p. 22
Composition of Petroleum	p. 26
Crudes Suitable for Asphalt Manufacture	p. 30
Crude Distillation Curves	p. 30
Problems	p. 35
Notes	p. 35
Crude Distillation	p. 37
Desalting Crude Oils	p. 37
Atmospheric Topping Unit	p. 50
Vacuum Distillation	p. 51
Auxiliary Equipment	p. 57
Crude Distillation Unit Products	p. 58
Case-Study Problem: Crude Units	p. 58
Problems	p. 62
Notes	p. 66
Coking and Thermal Processes	p. 67
Types, Properties, and Uses of Petroleum Coke	p. 68
Process Description--Delayed Coking	p. 71
Operation--Delayed Coking	p. 73
Process Description--Flexicoking	p. 79
Process Description--Fluid Coking	p. 81
Yields from Flexicoking and Fluid Coking	p. 82
Capital Costs and Utilities for Flexicoking and Fluid Coking	p. 83
Visbreaking	p. 83
Case-Study Problem: Delayed Coker	p. 88
Problems	p. 91
Notes	p. 91
Additional Reading	p. 92
Catalytic Cracking	p. 93
Fluidized-Bed Catalytic Cracking	p. 94
New Designs for Fluidized-Bed Catalytic Cracking Units	p. 105
Cracking Reactions	p. 106
Cracking of Paraffins	p. 107
Olefin Cracking	p. 108
Cracking of Naphthenic Hydrocarbons	p. 108
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cracking	p. 108
Cracking Catalysts	p. 109
FCC Feed Pretreating	p. 112
Process Variables	p. 114
Heat Recovery	p. 116
Yield Estimation	p. 117
Capital and Operating Costs	p. 123
Case-Study Problem: Catalytic Cracker	p. 124
Problems	p. 127
Notes	p. 134
Additional Reading	p. 135
Catalytic Hydrocracking	p. 137
Hydrocracking Reactions	p. 139
Feed Preparation	p. 141
The Hydrocracking Process	p. 142
Hydrocracking Catalyst	p. 146
Process Variables	p. 146
Hydrocracking Yields	p. 148
Investment and Operating Costs	p. 153
Modes of Hydrocracker Operation	p. 153
Case-Study Problem: Hydrocracker	p. 154
Problems	p. 156
Notes	p. 157
Additional Reading	p. 158
Hydroprocessing and Resid Processing	p. 159
Composition of Vacuum Tower Bottoms	p. 160
Processing Options	p. 162
Hydroprocessing	p. 162
Expanded-Bed Hydrocracking Processes	p. 165
Moving-Bed Hydroprocessors	p. 167
Solvent Extraction	p. 167
Summary of Resid Processing Operations	p. 170
Notes	p. 172
Additional Reading	p. 173
Hydrotreating	p. 175
Hydrotreating Catalysts	p. 177
Aromatics Reduction	p. 178
Reactions	p. 180
Process Variables	p. 181
Construction and Operating Costs	p. 182
Case-Study Problem: Hydrotreaters	p. 183
Problems	p. 185
Notes	p. 186
Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization	p. 189
Reactions	p. 190
Feed Preparation	p. 196
Catalytic Reforming Processes	p. 196
Reforming Catalyst	p. 199
Reactor Design	p. 201
Yields and Costs	p. 202
Isomerization	p. 204
Capital and Operating Costs	p. 208
Isomerization Yields	p. 209
Case-Study Problem: Naphtha Hydrotreater, Catalytic Reformer, and Isomerization Unit	p. 210
Problems	p. 210
Notes	p. 213
Additional Reading	p. 214
Alkylation and Polymerization	p. 215
Alkylation Reactions	p. 215
Process Variables	p. 218
Alkylation Feedstocks	p. 219
Alkylation Products	p. 220
Catalysts	p. 221
Hydrofluoric Acid Processes	p. 222
Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Processes	p. 226
Comparison of Processes	p. 230
Alkylation Yields and Costs	p. 231
Polymerization	p. 231
Case-Study Problem: Alkylation and Polymerization	p. 239
Problems	p. 240
Notes	p. 241
Product Blending	p. 243
Reid Vapor Pressure	p. 244
Octane Blending	p. 248
Blending for Other Properties	p. 249
Case-Study Problem: Gasoline Blending	p. 253
Case-Study Problem: Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending	p. 256
Problems	p. 257
Notes	p. 259
Additional Reading	p. 259
Supporting Processes	p. 261
Hydrogen Production and Purification	p. 261
Gas Processing Unit	p. 266
Acid Gas Removal	p. 269
Sulfur Recovery Processes	p. 273
Ecological Considerations in Petroleum Refining	p. 278
Waste Water Treatment	p. 279
Control of Atmospheric Pollution	p. 280
Noise Level Control	p. 281
Case-Study Problem: Saturated Gas Recovery, Amine, and Sulfur Recovery Units	p. 281
Notes	p. 284
Additional Reading	p. 285
Lubricating Oil Blending Stocks	p. 287
Lube Oil Processing	p. 289
Propane Deasphalting	p. 289
Viscosity Index Improvement and Solvent Extraction	p. 292
Viscosity Index Improvement and Hydrocracking	p. 296
Dewaxing	p. 296
Hydrofinishing	p. 301
Finishing by Clay Contacting	p. 301
Environmental Impacts	p. 302
Notes	p. 302
Additional Reading	p. 302
Petrochemical Feedstocks	p. 303
Aromatics Production	p. 303
Unsaturate Production	p. 313
Saturated Paraffins	p. 316
Notes	p. 316
Additional Reading	p. 317
Additives Production from Refinery Feedstocks	p. 319
Use of Alcohols and Ethers	p. 319
Ether Production Reactions	p. 321
Ether Production Processes	p. 322
Yields	p. 325
Costs for Ether Production	p. 325
Production of Isobutylene	p. 325
Commercial Dehydrogenation Processes	p. 327
Houdry's CATOFIN	p. 329
Phillips Petroleum's STAR	p. 329
UOP LLC's OLEFLEX	p. 330
Snamprogetti/Yarsintez Process	p. 330
Costs to Produce Isobutylene from Isobutane	p. 330
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists Nomenclature	p. 331
Notes	p. 331
Cost Estimation	p. 333
Rule-of-Thumb Estimates	p. 333
Cost-Curve Estimates	p. 333
Major Equipment Factor Estimates	p. 334
Definitive Estimates	p. 335
Summary Form for Cost Estimates	p. 335
Storage Facilities	p. 335
Land and Storage Requirements	p. 336
Steam Systems	p. 337
Cooling Water Systems	p. 337
Other Utility Systems	p. 337
Application of Cost Estimation Techniques	p. 340
Problems	p. 353
Notes	p. 354
Economic Evaluation	p. 355
Definitions	p. 355
Return on Original Investment	p. 356
Payout Time	p. 357
Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return	p. 357
Case-Study Problem: Economic Evaluation	p. 361
Case-Study Problem: Economic Solution	p. 365
Problems	p. 367
Notes	p. 368
Appendices	p. 369
Definitions of Refining Terms	p. 369
Physical Properties	p. 387
U.S. Bureau of Mines Routine Analyses of Selected Crude Oils	p. 401
Economic Evaluation Example Problem	p. 417
Notes	p. 420
Photographs	p. 421
Index	p. 437
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