Laser Resonators and the Beam Divergence Problem

by ;
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1992-01-01
Publisher(s): CRC Press
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Summary

Covers not only the theory but also the applications of resonators to real systems as opposed to idealized models.

Table of Contents

Foreword
Series Editors' Preface
Preface
Introduction. Briefly on the History and Essence of the Problemp. 1
Functions and main kinds of optical resonatorsp. 1
Plane resonatorsp. 2
Stable resonatorsp. 4
Unstable resonatorsp. 5
Some other sides of the problem of angular divergencep. 8
The optical homogeneity of a mediump. 8
Wavefront correctionp. 8
Briefly on the history of the problemp. 8
The Laws of Light-beam Propagationp. 10
Fundamentals of the theory of multielement optical systemsp. 10
Ray matrixp. 11
The simplest optical systems in the diffraction approximationp. 18
Complex optical systems with lenses and Gaussian diaphragmsp. 23
General case of circular symmetry or simple astigmatism (orthogonal system)p. 27
Polarization characteristics of coherent light beamsp. 31
Laws of propagation for major types of light beamsp. 32
Plane and spherical waves. The concept of phase velocityp. 32
Gaussian beamsp. 35
Hermite and Laguerre beams with real parametersp. 40
Hermite and Laguerre beams with complex parameters. Off-axis beamsp. 47
Angular divergence of radiationp. 51
Generalp. 51
Ideal sourcesp. 54
Non-ideal sources with plane and spherical equiphase surfacesp. 60
Other types of sources. On coherent and incoherent additionp. 66
The simplest methods to reduce the divergence and its measurementp. 70
Ideal Resonatorsp. 73
General information on open resonatorsp. 73
Basics and a little historyp. 73
Integral equation and mode spectrum of an arbitrary empty resonatorp. 75
Resonators with semitransparent mirrors and a homogeneous active mediump. 81
Classification, equations and conditions of equivalence for ideal resonatorsp. 84
Matrices of linear resonatorsp. 84
Classification of resonators according to their ray matricesp. 87
Integral equations and conditions of equivalence for ideal resonatorsp. 92
Stable resonatorsp. 99
General solution for resonators having round-trip wave matricesp. 99
Empty stable resonators with infinite mirrorsp. 102
Stable resonators with mirrors of finite sizep. 107
Plane resonatorsp. 113
Auxiliary diffraction problemp. 114
Reflection from the open waveguide endp. 121
Modes of a plane strip mirror resonatorp. 125
Plane rectangular and circular mirror resonatorsp. 129
Mode nomenclature and polarizationp. 132
Unstable resonatorsp. 135
A brief historical accountp. 135
Geometric approximationp. 137
Unstable resonators with Gaussian mirrorsp. 144
Sharp-edge resonators in the diffraction approximationp. 147
Unstable resonators with a partially 'smoothed' edgep. 154
Basic Concepts Concerning the Properties of Real Resonators and the Processes Occurring in Themp. 159
Some experimental data and their discussionp. 159
Early observations of lasingp. 159
Beam divergence of plane-resonator solid state lasersp. 162
On the theory of real resonatorsp. 164
Principal kinds of perturbations and parasitic effectsp. 167
Conditions for the applicability of the perfect resonator model to the description of real lasersp. 167
Interfacesp. 170
Resonators with arbitrarily located diaphragmsp. 173
Self-supporting and induced parasitic oscillationsp. 177
Large-scale aberrations and light scatteringp. 181
Axis displacement resulting from resonator misalignmentp. 181
Stable resonators with arbitrary aberrations. Perturbation theoryp. 184
Plane resonators with large-scale aberrationsp. 191
Large-scale aberrations in unstable resonatorsp. 200
Light scatteringp. 205
Mode competition in the onset of lasing and in steady-state operationp. 210
Initial stage in the onset of lasing in low-diffraction-loss resonators. Iterative methodp. 211
Onset of oscillations in unstable resonatorsp. 216
Multimode generation: basic concepts and its naturep. 220
Spatial competition of modes with different axial indicesp. 225
Transverse mode competitionp. 232
Pump energy conversion efficiency in laser resonatorsp. 239
'Local' approach to the evaluation of efficiencyp. 239
Total energy balance of excitation and lasingp. 244
Lasers with unstable resonators and local response mediap. 250
Lasers with a non-local response mediump. 255
Resonator Applications and Special Configurationsp. 263
Basic resonator typesp. 264
Main factors determining the choice of resonator typep. 264
Continuous-wave lasersp. 266
Pulsed lasers. Principle of construction and parameter selection of unstable resonatorsp. 271
Specific features of lasers with unstable resonatorsp. 274
Methods of the angular selection of radiationp. 281
Attempts at solving the divergence problem with low-diffraction-loss resonatorsp. 282
Resonators with angular selectorsp. 285
Angular selection through reduction of the Fresnel numberp. 291
Resonators of lasers with controlled spectral and temporal characteristicsp. 297
Generalp. 297
Oscillators with three-mirror unstable resonatorsp. 300
Control with an external signalp. 306
Specific resonator configurationsp. 310
Unidirectional oscillation and unstable ring resonatorsp. 311
Resonators with corner reflectorsp. 314
Field rotation resonatorsp. 321
Resonators of lasers with annular active medium cross sectionp. 328
The Simplest Causes of Aberrations and Methods of Wavefront Correctionp. 337
Thermal deformations of resonatorsp. 337
Thermal deformations of opaque mirrorsp. 339
Thermal deformations of semitransparent mirrors and output windowsp. 344
Thermal effects in circular active elements of solid state lasersp. 349
Consequences of thermal aberrations in solid state lasers and attempts at their compensationp. 354
Methods of reducing thermal resonator deformationsp. 358
Optico-mechanical and holographic methods of wavefront correction. Stimulated scattering-based lasersp. 365
Optico-mechanical correction systemsp. 365
Holographic methods of wavefront correctionp. 370
Amplifiers and oscillators based on stimulated scatteringp. 377
Wavefront conjugationp. 382
Concept and possibilities of the methodp. 382
WFC by means of a Fourier filterp. 390
Standard version of four-wave interactionp. 394
Forward interactionp. 399
Backward stimulated scattering and loop arrangementsp. 404
Appendix: Paraxial Theory of Systems with Astigmatic Elementsp. 415
Referencesp. 421
Indexp. 435
Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved.

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