Introduction to Electrophysiological Methods and Instrumentation,9780123705884

Introduction to Electrophysiological Methods and Instrumentation

by ;
Edition: 1st
ISBN13: 9780123705884
ISBN10: 0123705886
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-08-24
Publisher(s): Elsevier Science
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Summary

'Introduction to Electrophysiological: Methods and Instrumentation' covers all topics of interest to electrophysiologists in all fields, from the reliable penetration of cells, the behaviour and function of the equipment, to the mathematical tools available for analysing data. It discusses the pros and cons of techniques and methods used in electrophysiolgy and how to avoid their pitfalls.

Table of Contents

Preface xii
Electricity
1(33)
Electrical Quantities
1(9)
Electric Charge, Current and Potential
1(1)
Resistance
2(2)
Capacitance
4(1)
Magnetism
5(1)
Self-Inductance
5(2)
Direct and Alternating Current; Frequency
7(1)
Reactance
8(1)
Current and Voltage Sources
9(1)
Components, Unwanted Properties
10(7)
Unwanted Properties, Impedance
13(3)
Cables
16(1)
Circuits, Schematics, Kirchoff's Laws
17(2)
Composition of Similar Components: Attenuators
19(4)
Practical Voltage Sources and Current Sources
22(1)
Voltage and Current Measurement
23(2)
Composition of Unequal Components: Filters
25(9)
Integration and Differentiation
31(1)
LC Filters
32(2)
Electronics
34(69)
Active Elements
34(1)
Vacuum Tubes and Semiconductors
35(1)
Semiconductor Devices
36(1)
Diodes and Transistors
37(3)
Other Semiconductor Types
40(2)
Amplifiers, Gain, Decibels and Saturation
42(5)
Gain
43(1)
Bandwidth
43(2)
Input and Output Impedances
45(1)
Maximum Signal Strength, Distortion
46(1)
Noise, Hum Interference and Grounding
47(8)
Differential Amplifiers, Block Diagrams
55(3)
Operational Amplifiers, Feedback
58(5)
Electronic Filters
63(2)
Electrophysiological Preamplifiers
65(10)
Amplifier for Extracellular Recording
65(1)
Amplifier for Intracellular Recording
66(2)
Patch-Clamp Amplifier
68(3)
Two-Electrode Voltage-Clamp Amplifier
71(1)
Measurement of Membrane Capacitance in Voltage-Clamp
71(1)
Recording of Secretory Events
72(3)
Power Supplies and Signal Sources
75(4)
Electronic Voltmeters
79(1)
Electrometers
79(1)
The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
80(5)
LCD Screen Oscilloscopes
82(1)
Important Properties of Oscilloscopes
82(3)
Digital Electronics, Logic
85(8)
A/D and D/A Conversions
93(3)
Computers
96(7)
Electrochemistry
103(29)
Introduction, Properties of Electrolytes
103(6)
Electrolytes
104(5)
The Metal/Electrolyte Interface
109(6)
Capacitance of Polarized Electrodes
110(1)
Faradaic Processes
111(2)
Practical Electrodes
113(1)
Electrochemical Cells, Measuring Electrodes
113(1)
The Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode
114(1)
Non-Faradaic Processes
115(1)
Electrokinetic Processes
115(1)
Liquid Junction Potentials
116(2)
Membrane Potentials
118(5)
Derivation of the Equilibrium Potential
118(1)
The Reversal Potential
119(2)
Ion Selectivity
121(1)
Electrodes Sensitive to pH and Other Ions
122(1)
Electrodes: Practical Aspects
123(5)
The Glass Micropipette
123(2)
Patch Electrodes
125(1)
The Semi-Permeable Patch
126(1)
Ground Electrodes
127(1)
Volume Conduction: Electric Fields in Electrolyte Solutions
128(4)
Homogeneous Electric Field
128(2)
Monopole Field
130(1)
Dipole Field
130(2)
Signal Analysis
132(78)
Introduction
132(1)
Analysis of Analogue Potentials
132(37)
Systems Analysis
132(3)
Convolution
135(3)
The Laplace Transform
138(2)
The Fourier Transform
140(4)
Odd and Even Functions
144(1)
Linearity
144(2)
Analogue-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analogue Conversions
146(2)
Signal Windowing
148(2)
Digital Signal Processing
150(1)
Signal Averaging
150(1)
Autocorrelation
151(2)
Crosscorrelation
153(2)
The Discrete Fourier Transform
155(1)
The Detection of Signals of Known Shape
156(1)
Digital Filters
157(3)
Fourier Filters and Non-Causal Filters
160(4)
Non-Linear Systems Analysis
164(1)
The Formal Method: Wiener Kernel Analysis
164(2)
The Informal Method: Output Shape Analysis
166(1)
The Importance of Non-Linearity
167(2)
Analysis of Action Potential Signals
169(21)
Population Spike and Gross Activity
170(1)
Recording from the Skin Surface
171(1)
The Electrocardiogram
171(2)
The Electroencephalogram
173(1)
Other Surface Recording Techniques
174(1)
Single-Unit Activity
175(1)
Uncertainty and Ambiguity in Spike Series
176(3)
Interval Histogram
179(1)
Poisson Processes
180(2)
The Gamma Distribution
182(1)
The Mathematics of Random Point Processes
182(2)
Markov Chains
184(1)
Time Series Analysis: Spike Rate, Interval Series and Instantaneous Frequency
184(1)
Spike Frequency or Rate
184(1)
Interval Series and Instantaneous Frequency
185(2)
Dot Display
187(1)
Stimulus--Response Characteristics: The PSTH
188(2)
Analysis of Nerve Membrane Data
190(6)
Terminology: The Hodgkin and Huxley Channel
190(1)
Analysis of Macroscopic (Whole-Cell) Currents
191(1)
The Current to Voltage (I/V) Curve
192(1)
Leak Subtraction by Extrapolation
193(1)
Leak Subtraction by Prepulses: The P/N Method
194(1)
Noise Analysis: Estimating the Single-Channel Conductance from Whole-Cell or Large Patch Recordings
194(2)
Noise Analysis: Estimating Channel Kinetics
196(14)
Analysis of Microscopic (Unitary) Currents
196(1)
Estimation of the unitary current
197(1)
Detection of opening and closing events
198(1)
Estimation of the number of channels in the patch
199(2)
Measurement of dwell times
201(3)
Calculating Dwell Time Histograms from Markov Chains
204(1)
The First Latency Distribution
204(3)
The Closed Time Distribution
207(1)
The Open Time Distribution
208(1)
The Macroscopic Current
208(1)
Example: Simulation of the Hodgkin and Huxley Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channel
208(2)
Appendices
210(36)
Symbols, Abbreviations and Codes
210(3)
Symbols
210(1)
Abbreviations
211(1)
Decimal Multipliers
212(1)
Colour Code for Resistors
212(1)
Symbols for Circuit Diagrams
213(2)
Electrical Safety in Electrophysiological Set-Ups
215(6)
Regular Instruments
215(3)
Medical Instruments
218(3)
The Use of CRT Monitors in Visual Experiments
221(9)
Image Generation in CRT Monitors
221(1)
Frame Rates and Interlacing
222(1)
The Video Signal
222(2)
The Use of CRT Monitors in Electrophysiology
224(1)
Contrast, Gamma and Other Brightness Issues
225(1)
Colour Coding
226(1)
Geometry
227(1)
Timing
227(1)
Spatial and Brightness Resolution
228(2)
Complex Numbers and Complex Frequency
230(3)
The Meaning of Complex Frequency
232(1)
The Mathematics of Markov Chains
233(6)
Recursive (Non-Causal) Filters
239(2)
Pseudocode to Calculate the Macroscopic Current and Dwell Time Distributions from a Transition Matrix
241(3)
Referred and Recommended Literature
244(2)
Electricity and Electronics
244(1)
Electrochemistry
244(1)
Neurophysiology
244(1)
Recording Methods
244(1)
Signal Analysis
245(1)
Mathematics
245(1)
Index 246

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