Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence

by
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2008-12-08
Publisher(s): Wiley
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Summary

The updated second edition of Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics includes recent developed analytical techniques and methodologies with a more comprehensive glossary, additional material, and new case studies. With a new chapter on the determination of bullet caliber via x-ray photography, this edition includes revised material on muzzle attachments, proof marks, non-toxic bullets, and gunshot residues. Essential reading for forensic scientists, firearms examiners, defense and prosecution practitioners, the judiciary, and police force, this book is also a helpful reference guide for undergraduate and graduate forensic science students.

Author Biography

Brian Heard began his career as an examiner in firearms and ballistics with the Metropolitan Police Forensics Firearms Laboratory at New Scotland Yard, London, UK. He rose to the level of Deputy Head of the Laboratory before joining the Royal Hong Kong Police as a ballistics officer. He is currently the officer in charge of the Ballistics and Firearms Identification Bureau for the Royal Hong Kong Police. He appears regularly in court as an expert witness in cases involving firearms, ammunition, tools and toolmarks, and has undertaken the research, development and implementation of improved techniques for the collection, examination and interpretation of gunshot residue particles via a scanning electron microscope. He also lectures to police training establishments and related organisations on all aspects of forensic ballistics, forensic firearms and toolmark examinations, gunshot residue analysis and the use of these techniques in criminal investigations.

Table of Contents

Developments in Forensic Sciencep. ix
Acknowledgementsp. xi
Forewordp. xiii
Firearmsp. 1
A Brief History of Firearmsp. 1
Weapon Types and Their Operationp. 19
Proof Marksp. 32
Further Readingp. 42
Ammunitionp. 43
A Brief History of Ammunitionp. 43
Ammunition Componentsp. 48
Non-toxic Shotp. 77
A Brief History of Propellantsp. 80
Priming Compounds and Primersp. 86
Headstamp Markings on Ammunitionp. 94
Referencep. 99
Ballisticsp. 101
Internal, External and Terminal Ballisticsp. 101
Internal Ballisticsp. 102
External Ballisticsp. 109
Terminal Ballisticsp. 124
Referencesp. 143
Forensic Firearms Examinationp. 145
A Brief History of Forensic Firearms Identificationp. 145
Rifling Types and Their Identificationp. 154
Fluted, Annular Ringed, Helical, Perforated and Oversized Chambersp. 166
Basic Concepts of Striation Matchingp. 170
Basic Methodology Used in Comparison Microscopyp. 182
Mathematical Proof of Striation Matchesp. 186
Accidental Dischargep. 191
Identification of Calibre from the Bullet Entry Holep. 197
Ricochet Analysisp. 200
Bullet Penetration and Trajectory through Glassp. 204
Referencesp. 208
Range of Firing Estimations and Bullet Hole Examinationsp. 211
Introductionp. 211
The Use of X-ray Photographyp. 212
Range of Firing Estimations for Pistols and Riflesp. 219
Chemical Tests for Range of Firing Estimations and Bullet Entry/Exit Hole Identificationp. 227
Range of Firing Estimations for Shotgunsp. 233
Referencesp. 239
Gunshot Residue Examinationp. 241
Introductionp. 241
Formation of Discharge Residuep. 241
Distribution of GSR Particlesp. 242
Identification of GSR Particlesp. 243
The Use of the SEM for GSR Detectionp. 247
Sample Collectionp. 248
GSR Retentionp. 251
Conservation of GSR Particles on the Handsp. 251
GSR Distribution on the Handsp. 252
Identification of Type of Ammunition, Country of Origin from GSR Analysisp. 255
Environmental Contaminantsp. 256
Sources of Elements Commonly Found in Lead-Based GSRsp. 257
Extending the Recovery Period for GSRp. 259
Referencesp. 268
Gun-Handling Testsp. 271
Introductionp. 271
Methodology for Ferrozine Usep. 274
Case Notesp. 275
Referencesp. 276
Restoration of Erased Numbersp. 277
Introductionp. 277
Methods Used for Removal of Serial Numbersp. 277
Theory behind Number Restorationp. 278
Non-recoverable Methods of Number Removalp. 279
Practice of Number Restorationp. 280
Chemical Methods of Restorationp. 280
Reagents Used for Various Metalsp. 281
Electrolytic Methods of Restorationp. 283
Reagents Usedp. 283
Ultrasonic Cavitation for Restorationp. 284
Magnetic Particle Method for Restorationp. 284
Other Methods of Restorationp. 285
Laser-Etched Serial Numbers and Bar Codes and Their Restorationp. 286
Referencesp. 288
Qualifying the Expert and Cross-Examination Questionsp. 291
Introductionp. 291
General Background Questionsp. 293
Comparison Microscopyp. 294
GSRsp. 297
Ferrozine Testp. 300
Standard of Review: 'Daubert Trilogy'p. 300
Referencesp. 302
Classification of Firearm-Related Deathp. 305
Multiple-Shot Suicidesp. 307
Referencesp. 309
Glossaryp. 311
Important dates in the History of Firearms from 1247p. 333
GSR results for Chinese and USSR ammunitionp. 341
Primer content of some cartridge-operated nail gunsp. 345
Commercial and General Abbreviations for Bullet Configurationsp. 347
Trade Namesp. 353
Gun Marksp. 373
Powder Burn Ratep. 377
Hearing Lossp. 381
General Firearms Values Conversion Tablep. 389
Indexp. 393
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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