Fluorescence Probes in Oncology

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2002-07-01
Publisher(s): World Scientific Pub Co Inc
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Summary

This book is unique in the sense that it will provide a comprehensive description of fluorescence probes and the methodologies applicable to the study and diagnostics in oncology. The material is drawn directly from the work of pioneer researchers in cell biology and pathology and provides a perspective of their most crucial investigations and lifetime experiences; it also opens new horizons on future developments in fundamental methods and diagnostics relevant to cellular physiopathology. Researchers in cell pathology have contributed a broad portfolio of spectral and fluorescence imaging which most appropriately supplement the information derived from Virchow style microscope slides (they still remain valid after more than 150 years, but a considerable body of knowledge and interpretation can be built around them). Following an introductory section are sections on Fundamentals, Methods and Instrumentation, Fluorescent Probes, and New Method Applications. The final section is dedicated to Applications in Cellular Physiopathology.

Table of Contents

Preface vii
Introduction ix
Acknowledgments xi
The Nature of Light
1(20)
Origins
1(1)
Refraction
2(2)
Fermat's Principle
4(1)
The Speed of Light
4(1)
The Wave Nature of Light
4(5)
What Are Waves?
4(1)
Wave Characteristics
5(4)
Diffraction and Resolution Limits
9(3)
The Quantum Theory and Photons
12(3)
The Production of Light
15(4)
The Energy of Bound Electrons
15(4)
Electron Spin
19(1)
The Planck Equation and Photochemical Reactions
19(2)
References
20(1)
Introduction to Photophysics
21(24)
From Atoms to Molecules: The Formation of Chemical Bonds
21(2)
Electronic Transitions
23(2)
Excitation and Deactivation of Molecules
25(12)
The Jablonski Diagram
25(1)
The Excitation Coefficient: The Beer-Lambert Law
26(2)
The Franck-Condon Principle
28(1)
Deactivation from Singlet Excited States
29(1)
Fluorescence Excitation Spectrum
30(1)
Excitation-Emission Matrices
30(3)
Deconvolution of Spectra
33(2)
Deactivation of the First Singlet Excited State by Intersystem Crossing to the Triplet State
35(2)
Factors Influencing the Fluorescence Quantum Yield
37(3)
Definition of the Fluorescence Quantum Yield
37(1)
Sensitivity of Fluorescence to Environment
38(1)
Impurity Quenching of Fluorescence: The Stern-Volmer Equation
39(1)
Quenching of the First Excited Singlet State By Energy Transfer
40(5)
Energy Transfer Between Singlet States
40(3)
References
43(2)
Basic Approaches to the Experimental Study of Chemical and Biological Luminescence
45(24)
Long-Lifetime Probes: Metal-ligand Complexes as a New Class of Long-Lived Fluorophores for Protein Hydrodynamics
45(12)
References
57(1)
Chemiluminescence
57(1)
Reference
58(1)
Bioluminescence
58(3)
References
60(1)
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
61(8)
References
68(1)
Methods and Instrumentation
69(68)
Spectrofluorometers and Cell Sorters
69(2)
Reference
71(1)
Microspectrofluorometers
71(3)
References
74(1)
Detectors Used in Fluorescence Imaging
74(3)
Charge-Coupled Devices: CCDs
74(1)
Reference
75(1)
Avalanche Diodes
75(2)
Reference
77(1)
Fluorescence Imaging with CCD Cameras
77(1)
Digital Imaging
77(2)
Reference
78(1)
Ratio Fluorescence Microscopy
79(12)
References
91(1)
Multiparameter Imaging
91(3)
References
93(1)
Multiprobe Approach to the Study of Intercellular Communication
94(7)
References
94(7)
Photodiode Array Fluorescence Spectroscopy
101(1)
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
102(7)
References
103(1)
Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy: Volume Investigation of Biological Specimens
103(2)
References
105(1)
Confocal 3-D Volume Investigation
105(2)
Reference
107(1)
Fluorophores for Confocal Microscopy
107(1)
Reference
108(1)
Biological Applications of Confocal Microscopy
108(1)
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM)
109(8)
References
116(1)
Frequency-Domain Spectroscopy and Tomography of Tissues
117(2)
Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy and Imaging in Scattering Media with Frequency-Domain Techniques
117(2)
References
119(1)
Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery (FPR, Also FRAP) and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Chimeras
119(6)
Reference
125(1)
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
125(1)
Reference
126(1)
Fluorescence Polarization in the Microscope
126(2)
Reference
128(1)
Polarization Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery (PFPR)
128(1)
Picosecond Fluorescence Kinetics
129(1)
Reference
130(1)
Raman Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Single Living Cells
130(3)
References
133(1)
Related Topics
133(1)
Experimental Time-Resolved Methods and Photon Migration in Tissues Studied by Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
133(1)
Reference
134(1)
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy in the Infrared
134(1)
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
135(2)
Reference
136(1)
New Methods. Theoretical Basis and Potential Applications to Biology
137(82)
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRF) in Cells
137(2)
Reference
139(1)
Surface Fluorescence Detection by a Microscope
139(2)
Reference
141(1)
Intracellular Sensing and Optical Imaging Beyond the Diffraction Limit: Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM)
141(6)
References
147(1)
Optical Forces, Optical Traps, Optical Tweezers in Combination with Microspectroscopy and Fluorescent DNA Intercalating Dyes
147(10)
References
156(1)
Fourier Interferometric Stimulation (FIS) and Spectral Image Analysis
157(2)
Reference
158(1)
Fourier Transform Multiplex Spectroscopy and Spectral Imaging of Protoporphyrin in Single Melanoma Cells
159(3)
References
162(1)
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
162(14)
Current FISH Methodology
162(4)
Reference
166(1)
FISH Applicable to Metaphase Spreads and Interphase Chromosome
166(1)
Reference
167(1)
Chromosomal Localization of Clone by FISH
168(1)
Reference
168(1)
Activity Banding of Human Chromosomes
168(8)
Reference
176(1)
Beyond FISH: Multicolor Spectral Karyotyping of Human Chromosomes (SKY)
176(3)
References
178(1)
Combinatorial Multi-fluor FISH
179(11)
References
190(1)
Two-Photon Excitation Induced Fluorescence
190(10)
References
199(1)
Three-Photon Induced Fluorescence
200(6)
References
206(1)
Light Fluorescence Quenching (LQ) and Stimulated Emission (SE)
206(10)
References
216(1)
Related Topics: Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy of Breast
216(3)
Reference
218(1)
Fluorescent Probes
219(313)
Ion Probes
219(31)
Calcium Probing
219(7)
References
226(1)
Calcium Compartmentalization in the Sarcoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum: Spatially and Functionally Distinct Calcium Stores
227(8)
Reference
235(1)
Localization of Sodium/Calcium Exchanger in Rat Cortical Astrocytes
235(1)
Reference
236(2)
pH Probes
238(1)
Videomicrofluorometry of pH in Single Living Cells
238(2)
Reference
240(1)
Yolk Platelet pH Studies During Xenopus laevis Development
240(10)
References
250(1)
Membrane Potential Probes
250(17)
References
260(1)
Confocal Microscopy of Potentiometric Dyes
261(6)
Reference
267(1)
Cell Organelle Probes
267(228)
Mitochondrial Fluorescence Probes
267(1)
References
267(2)
Quantitative Differential Effects of Mitochondrial Probe Rhodamine 123 on Human Normal Cells and Colon Cancer Cells
269(2)
References
271(1)
Aberrant Mitochondria in Colon Carcinoma Lines
272(1)
Reference
273(1)
Monitoring of Relative Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Living Cells by Fluorescence Microscopy and Perturbation of Rhodamine 123 Accumulation in Mitochondria
273(1)
References
274(1)
Rhodamine 123 and Analogs on Function and Viability of Pulsating Myocardial Cells
274(1)
References
275(1)
Resistance to Rhodamine 123
275(2)
Reference
277(1)
Mitochondrial Alterations in Cancerous Cells and Targets for Therapy
277(4)
References
281(1)
Localization of Mitochondria with Rhodamine 123 and Its Significance in Oncology
281(6)
References
287(1)
A New Mitochondrial Probe: J-Aggregate Formation of the Lipophilic Cation JC-1
287(8)
References
295(1)
Simultaneous Imaging of Cell and Mitochondrial Membrane Potentials
295(2)
Reference
297(1)
Membrane Potentials in Individual Mitochondria with Imaging in Five Dimensions
297(8)
Reference
305(1)
Cytosolic Calcium Transients and Concurrent Mitochondrial Depolarizations
305(5)
Reference
310(1)
Golgi Apparatus
311(5)
References
316(1)
The Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi Membrane System ER-Golgi Trafficking
316(1)
References
317(3)
Golgi Studies in Hepatocytes and Fibroblasts
320(1)
References
320(3)
Golgi Studies in Fusion-Competent and Fusion-Deficient Myoblasts
323(1)
References
323(3)
Endosomes
326(1)
Reference
326(1)
Transbilayer Movement of Bodipy-Labeled Lipids in Lipid Vesicles
326(2)
Reference
328(1)
A Modulator of Endocytosis: Ceramide
329(1)
Reference
330(1)
Non-endocytic Uptake of Fluorescent Analogs of Phosphatidylserine
331(1)
The Acidification of the Cytosol-Stimulated C6-NDP-PS Uptake in Chinese Hamster (CHO) Fibroblasts
332(2)
Reference
334(1)
Spectral Properties of Plasma Membrane Lipid Analog; the First Seconds of Endocytosis
334(5)
Reference
339(1)
Transferrin Endocytic Sorting
339(7)
References
346(1)
Retardation of Transferrin Receptor Recycling by Bafilomycin A
346(6)
Reference
352(1)
Lysosomal Probes
352(1)
Cell-Permeant Probes for Lysosomes
352(2)
Reference
354(1)
Other Lysosomotropic Probes
354(2)
References
356(1)
Fluorogenic Probes of Lysosomal Hydrolases
357(4)
References
361(1)
Fluorescent Probes of Lysosomal Hydrolases
362(1)
Reference
363(1)
Lysosomes in Cells Treated with Cytotoxic Agents
363(1)
Reference
364(4)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
368(3)
Reference
371(1)
Construction of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
371(4)
Reference
375(1)
Dynamic Behavior of ER in Living Cells
375(4)
Reference
379(1)
Dynamics of the ER in Nonmuscle and Muscle Cells
379(4)
Reference
383(1)
Dynamics of the Cytoskeleton-Organelle Connections
383(1)
Reference
384(1)
Probes of Cytoskeleton
384(5)
Reference
389(1)
Probes for Microtubules
389(1)
Microinjection of Probes for Microtubules
389(3)
Reference
392(1)
Microtubule Stress Fibers and Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction
393(8)
Reference
401(1)
Effects of Microtubules on Mitochondrial Distribution
401(3)
Reference
404(1)
Distribution of Microtubules and Inactivation of Organelle Motility in Cells Photosensitized by 3-3'-Dihexyl Carbocyanine Iodide [Dioc6(3)]
404(3)
Reference
407(1)
Midzone Microtubule Bundles and Cytokinesis
407(3)
Microfilaments (Actin)
410(1)
Actin Assembly in the Cortical Region of Growing Neurites in PC-12 Cells
410(5)
Reference
415(1)
Dynamics of Nonfilamentous Actin
415(1)
Reference
416(1)
Cortical Movement of Microinjected Actin in the Formation of Contractile Ring in Dividing Cultured Animal Cells
416(3)
Reference
419(1)
Actin and α-Actinin Along Stress Fibers
419(3)
Reference
422(1)
Possible Role of Treadmilling in Exchange of Actin Subunits at the Leading Edge of Living Fibroblasts
422(2)
Reference
424(1)
Exchangeability of α-Actinin in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Myocytes
424(2)
Reference
426(1)
α-Actinin Aggregates in Transformed Cells
426(2)
Reference
428(1)
Cytokinesis and 3-D Orientation of Actin Filaments
429(5)
Reference
434(1)
Surface Receptor Movement During Cell Division
434(5)
Reference
439(1)
Spindle Dynamics and Cytokinesis In Vitro
439(6)
Reference
445(1)
Localization of Profilin in Living Cells
445(4)
Reference
449(1)
Myosin
449(1)
Formation of Myosin-Containing Filaments in 3T3 Fibroblasts
449(2)
Reference
451(1)
Studies with Labeled Myosin in Myotubes
451(3)
Reference
454(1)
Premyofibrils in Cultured Adult Cardiomyocytes
454(3)
Reference
457(1)
Force Transmission at the Site of Costameres in Rat Cardiomyocytes
457(6)
Reference
463(1)
Myofibrillogenesis in Living Embryonic Cardiomyocytes Transfected with Plasmids Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Linked to α-Actinin
463(2)
Reference
465(1)
Talin Dynamics in Nonmuscle Cells
465(2)
Reference
467(1)
Localization of the Fusion Construct (Titin-Fragment-GFP) in the Z-Bands of Myocytes: Overexpression and Disassembly
467(3)
Reference
470(1)
Zeugmatin in the Z-Band Targeting Region of Titin
470(4)
Reference
474(1)
Probes of the Intermediate Filaments
475(1)
Cytoskeletal-Extracellular Matrix Interactions
476(5)
References
481(1)
Disruption of Microfilament Organization by Microinjection of Plasma Vitamin D-Binding Protein
482(2)
Fluorescent Probes of Cell Division
484(2)
Reference
486(1)
Cell Motility in Living Cells
487(1)
Reference
488(1)
Probes of Membrane Anchoring
488(7)
References
495(1)
Probes of Cell Metabolism in the Living Cell, as a Receptacle of Smart Probes
495(2)
Probes of Cyclic Amp (cAMP) Probing, Signaling and Oscillations
497(2)
References
498(1)
Nucleic Acid Probes
499(7)
Fluorescent Oligonucleotide Conjugates
499(2)
References
501(1)
Cyanine Fluorophores
502(1)
References
503(1)
Live Cell Nucleic Acid Stains
503(1)
Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Incorporation of Fluorescent Nucleotides into DNA By PCR
504(2)
References
506(1)
Probes of Oxygenation and Anoxia
506(1)
References
507(1)
Fluorescent Probes of Reduced Glutathione and Thiol Groups
507(4)
Reference
510(1)
New Thiol Reagents
510(1)
Reference
510(1)
Merocyanines
511(2)
Reference
512(1)
Caged Substrates and Photoactivated Probes
513(16)
Intracellular Calcium Signaling Studied by Caged Compounds
513(11)
Reference
524(1)
Calcium Waves Synchronized by Mitochondrial Substrates
524(5)
Reference
529(1)
Optical Thermometry in Single Living Cells
529(3)
Reference
530(1)
NBD-Liposomes
530(1)
Reference
531(1)
Applications of Fluorescence Techniques to Study Biological Processes in Normal and Pathological Cells
532(29)
Cell Metabolism
532(17)
References
549(1)
Signal Transduction
549(12)
Calcium Signaling, Signal Decoding and Calcium Oscillations
549(2)
Reference
551(1)
Cyclic AMP Signaling and Oscillations
552(1)
Reference
553(1)
Fluorescence Probing of the Phosphorylation-Dephosphorylation Model for the Mitotic Oscillator in Embryonic Cells
553(7)
References
560(1)
Cell Physiopathology
561(106)
Brain Tumors
561(36)
Computerized Image Analysis and Topographic Immunofluorescence Study of Human Glioma Cultures
561(5)
References
566(1)
Evidence That Two Fundamentally Different Mechanisms Change Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Expression by Gliomas
566(3)
Beyond GFAP in Molecular Neuropathology of Brain Tumors
569(9)
Reference
578(1)
More on Patterns of Antigenic Expression by Glioma Cells
578(3)
Reference
581(1)
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen and Ki-67 Immunochemistry in Brain Tumors
581(2)
Reference
583(1)
Accumulation of Wild Type P53 Protein in Human Astrocytomas
583(2)
Reference
585(1)
Expression of Neurofibromatosis 2 Gene NF2 Encoded Merlin and Related Erm Family Proteins in the Human Central Nervous System
585(5)
Reference
590(1)
Nuclear Parameters as Prognosis Indicators in Glioblastoma Patients
591(3)
Reference
594(1)
Chromosome Breakpoint at 17q11.2 and Insertion of DNA from Three Different Chromosomes in a Glioblastoma with Exceptional Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Expression
594(1)
Reference
594(1)
Fish Imaging to Identify the Origin of the Insert in Chromosome 17 at Locus 17q11.2
595(1)
Reference
596(1)
Pituitary Tumors
597(2)
Stromal and Nuclear Markers for Rapid Identification of Pituitary Adenomas at Biopsy
597(2)
Breast Tumors
599(6)
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Breast
599(1)
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy
599(1)
Combination of Immunofluorescence and FISH
599(1)
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
599(6)
Head and Neck Tumors
605(1)
Cancer of the Cervix
605(1)
Lung and Lung Tumors
605(15)
Lung Toxicology
605(4)
Reference
609(1)
Immunocytochemical Localization of Superoxide Dismutase in Human Lung
609(6)
References
615(1)
ISH (FISH) to Study EC-SOD mRNA Expression in the Human Lung
616(4)
Reference
620(1)
Prostate Cancer
620(4)
Computerized Pathology Image Classification of Prostate Cancer and Retrieval
620(1)
Reference
621(2)
Prostate Gland with Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN)
623(1)
Cancer of the Colon
624(5)
Fluorescence Endoscopic Imaging of Human Colonic Adenomas
624(3)
Reference
627(1)
Mitochondria of Human Colon Carcinoma Lines
628(1)
Reference
628(1)
Inhibition of Rat Colon Tumor Growth with Dequalinium Chloride
628(1)
Reference
629(1)
Sarcoma
629(1)
Rhodamine 123 Probing of Feline Sarcoma-Virus Transformed Mink Fibroblasts
629(1)
Reference
630(1)
Immunoperoxidase Studies of Tumors
630(4)
Tumors with Images of the Characteristic Immunoperoxidase Reaction
634(20)
Viral Pathology
654(3)
Fluorescence Probes in Viral Pathology
654(2)
Reference
656(1)
AIDS
657(10)
References
666(1)
Appendix Fluorescence of Cell Organelles 667(12)
Index 679

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