Emergency Relief System Design Using Diers Technology: The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (Diers) Project Manual

by H. G. Fisher; H. S. Forrest; Stanley S. Grossel; J. E. Huff; A. R. Muller; J. A. Noronha; D. A. Shaw; B. J. Tilley

ISBN13: 9780470938300

ISBN10: 0470938307

Format: eBook

Pub. Date: 2010-09-01

Publisher(s): Wiley-AIChE

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Summary

OSHA (29 CFR 1910.119) has recognized AIChE/DIERS two-phase flow publications as examples of "good engineering practice" for process safety management of highly hazardous materials. The prediction of when two-phase flow venting will occur, and the applicability of various sizing methods for two-phase vapor-liquid flashing flow, is of particular interest when designing emergency relief systems to handle runaway reactions. This comprehensive sourcebook brings together a wealth of information on methods that can be used to safely size emergency relief systems for two-phase vapor-liquid flow for flashing or frozen, viscous or nonviscous fluids. Design methodologies are illustrated by selected sample problems. Written by industrial experts in the safety field, this book will be invaluable to those charged with operating, designing, or managing today's and tomorrow's chemical process industry facilities.

Preface
Introduction
Overview
Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS)
A Strategy for Major Accidental Release Prevention
A Strategy for Emergency Relief System Design
An Approach to Emergency Relief System Design Assessment
Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Flow
Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Flow Onset and Disengagement
Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Hydrodynamics
DIERS Bench-Scale Apparatus
Runaway Reaction Emergency Relief System Design Computer Program
References
DIERS Committees
DIERS Sponsors
DIERS Contractors
Vapor Disengagement Dynamics
Overview
Vapor Disengagement Dynamics
Design Considerations
Detailed Discussion
Open Literature References
Project Manual
References
The Coupling Equation and Flow Models
Best Estimate Procedure to Calculate Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Flow Onset/Disengagement
Fluid Behavior in Venting Vessels
Energy and Material Balance Derivations for Emergency Pressure Relief of Vessels
Internal Energy and Venting Calculations
Pressure Relief System Flow
Introduction
Scope
Organization
Special Terminology
Recommended Design Methods
Newtonian Flow
Complex Fluids
Useful Approximations
Technology Base
General Flow Equations
Nozzle Flow Models
Sharp Reductions
Pressure Recovery/Expansions/Equilibrations
Pipe Flow
Application to Pressure Relief System Elements
Networks
Complex Fluids
Nomenclature
Acknowledgments
References
Thermophysical Property Requirements
Equilibrium Flash Calculations
Model Parameters for Pipe Entrance Sections
Computer Routines in SAFIRE Program
Example Problems
Generalized Correlations and Design Charts
DIERS Phase III Large-Scale Integral Tests
Summary
Introduction
Program Objectives
Program Description
Test Configurations
Test Results
Tests T1 to T8
Tests V32-W1 to V32-W8
Tests T9, T10, T11, T14, and T15
Tests T12 and T13
Tests T20
Tests T17 and T18
Tests T21, T22, T23, and T24
ICRE Tests 32-6 to 32-11
ICRE Tests 2000-1 to 2000-5
ICRE Tests 32-14, 32-15, and 32-18
Acknowledgments
References
Test Configurations
Experimental Results and Model Comparisons
Kinetics Model for Styrene Polymerizations
High Viscosity Flashing Two-Phase Flow
Introduction
General Discussion of High Viscosity Flow in Relief Systems
Why High Viscosity Systems Require Special Consideration
Necessity for Conservatism
Summary of DIERS High Viscosity Relief Flow Tests
Project Overview
Styrene Reactive Tests
Small-Scale Rubber Cement Bottom-Vented tests
Large-Scale Rubber Cement Tests
Large-Scale Polystyrene-Ethylbenzene Bottom-Vented Tests
Recommended Design Practices
Theory and Scaling for Highly Viscous Systems
General Equations for Newtonian Fluids
Approximate Momentum Balances for Scaling Power-Law and Newtonian Fluids
Scaling Using Integrated Approximate Momentum Balance for Newtonian Fluids
Scaling Using Approximate Momentum Balance for Power-Law Fluids
Unanswered Questions about High Viscosity Flow
Uncertainties
References
Simplified Theory and Sample Problems
Containment, Disposal, and Mechanical Design
Introduction
Blowdown in Drum Design
Types of Knock-Out (Blowdown) Drums and Catchtanks
Sizing of Blowdown Drums
Disposal of Vapors from Blowdown Drums
Direct Discharge to the Atmosphere
Discharge through a Scrubber
Discharge through a Vent Condenser
Discharge to a Flare Stack or Incinerator
Mechanical Design
Vent Piping Considerations
Catchtank Mechanical Design and Safety Considerations
Reaction Forces-General
Reaction Forces Equations
Reaction Forces on Safety Valve Nozzles/Piping
Reaction Forces from Rupture Disk Discharge
Transient Effects of Reaction Forces, Rupture Disk Discharge
Thrust Restraint Design
Other Blowdown Load Considerations
References
DIERS Bench-Scale Apparatus
Background
DIERS Requirements for a Bench-Scale Apparatus
Limitations of Previous Test Equipment
How the Test Methodology Fits into the Overall Process Safety Design
Requests
Worst Credible Incident Scenario
Screening Tests
DIERS Venting Tests and Analysis
Recommendations
Description of the DIERS Bench-Scale Apparatus
Schematic Description of Apparatus
Apparatus Control and Data Recording
Test Cell Configurations
Emergency Relief System (ERS) Sizing Using the DIERS Bench-Scale Apparatus
Emergency Relief System (ERS) Overview
Functions of the Bench-Scale Apparatus
Onset/Disengagement Behavior Testing
Flow Rate Calculation/Viscosity Characterization
Characterization of Runaway Reaction Behavior
ERS Design-Analytical Methods/FAI Nomograph
ERS Design-Area: Charge Scaling (Top Vent Test/Top ERS Device)
ERS Design-Area: Charge Scaling/Scaling Equation Method (Bottom Vent Test/Top or Bottom ERS Devices)
Limitations on Area: Charge Scaling for ERS Design
References
Experimental ERS Sizing-Some Do and Do Not Recommendations
SAFIRE Computer Program for Emergency Relief Sizing
Background
History
Overview
Program Description
Overall Architecture
Pure-Component Physical Properties
Mixture handling Rules
Flash Calculations
Chemical Reactions
Vent Flow Calculations
Vessel Hydrodynamics
External Heat Fluxes
Mass and Energy Balances
Data Input
Sample Problem
Experience with Program
References
Input Data Forms
Sample Input/Output
Index
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