Doppler Ultrasound Physics, Instrumentation and Signal Processing,9780471970019

Doppler Ultrasound Physics, Instrumentation and Signal Processing

by Evans, David H.; McDicken, W. Norman

Edition: 2nd

ISBN13: 9780471970019

ISBN10: 0471970018

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2000-02-08

Publisher(s): WILEY

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Summary

* Provides the Doppler ultrasound user with a firm grasp of its underlying physical principles. This book provides a sound theoretical basis for clinical users of Doppler ultrasound, and includes an up-to-date survey of the many new innovations that have been described as potentially useful for detecting, measuring and imaging blood flow. This latest edition provides a major review of the technical literature on Doppler ultrasound plus two new chapters on Colour Flow Scanners and emerging Doppler techniques. In order to reflect the now widespread use of colour Doppler systems, the number of colour illustrations has substantially increased. The range and breadth of topics covered, ensures that this is an essential reference for Doppler enthusiasts whether from a medical, scientific or technical discipline.

Author Biography

David H. Evans is the author of Doppler Ultrasound: Physics, Instrumentation and Signal Processing, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

W. Norman McDicken is the author of Doppler Ultrasound: Physics, Instrumentation and Signal Processing, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface

xi

Preface to First Edition

xiii

Plates

xv

Introduction

The Doppler effect

1

(1)

Ultrasound

1

(1)

Doppler ultrasound in medicine

2

(1)

Summary

3

(1)

References

3

(2)

Blood Flow

Introduction

5

(1)

Basic concepts and definitions

5

(1)

Steady flow in rigid tubes

6

(3)

Pulsatile flow in rigid tubes

9

(5)

Pulsatile flow in elastic and viscoelastic tubes

14

(2)

The effects of geometric changes

16

(4)

Velocity profiles in human arteries

20

(2)

Computational fluid dynamics

22

(2)

Summary

24

(1)

Notation

24

(1)

References

25

(1)

Recommended reading

26

(1)

Physics of Ultrasound Propagation

Introduction

27

(1)

Ultrasonic waves

27

(7)

Ultrasonic phenomena

34

(5)

Ultrasonic tissue characterisation parameters

39

(1)

The Doppler effect

39

(1)

Summary

40

(1)

Notation

40

(1)

References

41

(2)

Doppler Systems: A General Overview

Introduction

43

(1)

Velocity detecting systems

43

(11)

Duplex systems

54

(2)

Profile detecting systems

56

(2)

Velocity imaging systems

58

(9)

Summary

67

(1)

References

67

(4)

Ultrasonic Transducers, Fields and Beams

Introduction

71

(1)

Transducers

71

(13)

Ultrasonic beams and fields

84

(4)

Doppler sample volumes

88

(2)

Measurement of fields, zones, beams and sample volumes

90

(3)

Sterilisation of transducers

93

(1)

Damage to transducers

94

(1)

Summary

94

(1)

References

94

(3)

Signal Detection and Pre-processing: CW and PW Doppler

Introduction

97

(1)

Continuous wave systems

97

(8)

Pulsed wave systems

105

(2)

Direction detection

107

(7)

Analogue envelope detectors

114

(2)

Complex Doppler systems

116

(1)

Summary

117

(1)

References

117

(2)

The Doppler Power Spectrum

Introduction

119

(1)

Blood as an ultrasonic target

120

(11)

Continuous wave Doppler spectra

131

(11)

Pulsed wave Doppler spectra

142

(4)

Summary

146

(1)

Notation

146

(1)

References

147

(53)

Doppler Signal Processors: Theoretical Considerations

Introduction

150

(1)

Spectral estimation techniques

150

(19)

Mean frequency processors

169

(10)

Maximum frequency processors

179

(8)

Zero-crossing processors (RMS followers)

187

(2)

Other signal location estimators

189

(1)

Envelope averaging techniques

190

(1)

Comparison and choice of envelope extraction techniques

191

(1)

Summary

192

(1)

Notation

192

(2)

References

194

(6)

Waveform Analysis and Pattern Recognition

Introduction

200

(1)

Pattern recognition principles

200

(1)

Pre-processing

201

(1)

Feature extraction

201

(18)

Classification

219

(3)

Summary

222

(1)

Notation

222

(1)

References

223

(6)

Colour Flow Imaging (CFI) Systems

Introduction

229

(1)

Ultrasonic imaging

230

(1)

Doppler imaging methods

231

(2)

Specialised Doppler imaging methods

233

(4)

Features of Doppler imagers

237

(2)

Performance and use of colour Doppler imaging

239

(2)

Artefacts in Doppler techniques

241

(2)

Summary

243

(1)

References

244

(1)

Signal Processing for Colour Flow Imaging

Introduction

245

(1)

Current narrow-band colour imaging systems

245

(11)

Other narrow-band (phase shift estimation) methods

256

(7)

Wide band (time shift estimation) methods

263

(17)

Direction of arrival methods

280

(2)

Future directions

282

(1)

Summary

282

(1)

Notation

282

(2)

References

284

(4)

Volumetric Blood flow Measurement

Introduction

288

(1)

Flow measurement with duplex scanners

288

(5)

Flow measurement with multigate systems-1-D profiles

293

(3)

Flow measurement with multigate systems-2-D profiles

296

(2)

Flow measurement-attenuation-compensated method

298

(2)

Flow measurement-assumed velocity profile method

300

(1)

Flow measurement-C-mode Doppler techniques

300

(3)

Flow measurement using contrast agents

303

(1)

Miscellaneous techniques

303

(4)

Flow measurement errors

307

(1)

Summary

307

(1)

References

307

(4)

Miscellaneous Doppler Techniques

Introduction

311

(1)

Contrast agents

311

(6)

Perfusion techniques

317

(2)

Emboli detection

319

(4)

Transverse Doppler

323

(2)

Vector Doppler techniques

325

(8)

Speckle tracking techniques

333

(4)

Decorrelation based techniques

337

(2)

3-D Doppler imaging

339

(4)

Tissue motion imaging

343

(4)

Anti-aliasing techniques

347

(3)

B-Flow

350

(1)

Summary

350

(1)

References

350

(9)

Safety Considerations in Doppler Ultrasound

Introduction

359

(1)

Ultrasonic field measurement

359

(3)

Ultrasonic output from Doppler units

362

(1)

Physical effects of ultrasound

363

(2)

Bioeffects of ultrasound

365

(2)

Contrast agents

367

(2)

Safety standards

369

(5)

Safety statements

374

(2)

Minimising patient exposure

376

(1)

Summary

377

(1)

References

378

(3)

Appendix 1 Special Functions Arising from Womersley's Theory

381

(34)

Appendix 2 Doppler Test Devices

PR Hoskins

KV Ramnarine

A2.1 Introduction

382

(1)

A2.2 Flow phantoms

382

(9)

A2.3 Other moving target devices

391

(4)

A2.4 Electronic injection devices

395

(2)

A2.5 Measurement using test objects

397

(4)

A2.6 Which test objects are useful?

401

(1)

A2.7 Conclusion

402

(1)

A2.8 References

402

(3)

Appendix 3 Recording and Reproduction of Doppler Signals and Colour Doppler Images

T Anderson

A3.1 Introduction

405

(1)

A3.2 Characteristics of Doppler audio signals

406

(1)

A3.3 Recording Doppler audio signals

407

(3)

A3.4 Recording colour Doppler images

410

(4)

A3.5 Terminology of specifications

414

(1)

A3.6 Summary

414

(1)

A3.7 References

414

(1)

A3.8 Further reading

414

(1)

Index

415