Critical Topics in Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment

by
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2000-05-01
Publisher(s): Research Studies Pr Ltd
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Summary

Many nations are still falling short of air quality goals, and consequently their governments are enacting tougher emissions legislation than ever before. This book reviews the major technical issues involved in meeting this legislation by aftertreatment, the most effective weapon in the engineer's armory against automobile pollution.

Featured in this book are topics critical to exhaust aftertreatment, including the problems which need to be overcome, and the possible solutions currently under investigation. Aftertreatment is covered as an emissions subject in its own right and all components of the entire system are also included, not just catalysts. There are highly technical issues presented in a way that makes them readily accessible to the non-specialist.

Author Biography

Dr Eastwood is a mechanical engineer with approximately fifteen years of RandD experience. He is a graduate of University College, Swansea, UK and was a Royal Society post-doctoral research fellow at the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tubingen, Germany. Dr Eastwood has worked at the Ford Research Laboratory, Michigan, USA and as an oxygen sensor development engineer with Robert Bosch in South Carolina. He is currently a diesel engine development engineer at Ford's Research and Engineering Centre, Essex, UK

Table of Contents

Preface x
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Introduction
1(6)
The Exhaust Environment
7(26)
Introduction
7(2)
Carbon Monoxide
9(1)
Formation Mechanisms
9(1)
Environmental Implications
10(1)
Oxides of Nitrogen
10(2)
Formation Mechanisms
11(1)
Environmental Implications
11(1)
Volatile Organic Compounds
12(3)
Formation Mechanisms
13(1)
Environmental Implications
14(1)
Particulate Matter
15(4)
Formation Mechanisms
16(2)
Environmental Implications
18(1)
Secondary Pollutants
19(2)
Ozone and Smog
19(1)
Acid Rain
20(1)
Gasoline Engine Aftertreatment
21(6)
Stoichiometric Fuelling
23(3)
Lean Fuelling
26(1)
Diesel Engine Aftertreatment
27(4)
Particulate Filters
29(1)
Oxidation Catalysts
30(1)
Closure
31(2)
Diesel Particulate Filters
33(52)
Introduction
33(2)
Operating Principles
35(5)
Filtration
35(3)
Regeneration
38(2)
Thermal Regeneration
40(5)
Fuel-Fed Burners
41(3)
Electrical Heating
44(1)
Compressed Air Regeneration
45(5)
Operating Principles
46(3)
System Design
49(1)
Catalytic Regeneration
50(10)
Fuel Additives
52(3)
Catalysed Traps
55(2)
Oxidation by NO2
57(3)
Electrocatalytic Regeneration
60(1)
New Filter Materials
60(5)
Silicon Carbide
60(2)
Ceramic Fibres
62(1)
Metal
63(2)
Trap Protection Measures
65(1)
Particle Size and Number
66(2)
Modelling
68(12)
Filtration
68(1)
Pressure Drop
69(1)
Darcy's Law
70(2)
Permeability-Density Product
72(1)
Reynolds Number
73(1)
Regeneration
74(2)
Fuel Additives
76(2)
Continuous Regeneration
78(2)
Outlook
80(3)
List of Symbols
83(2)
Diesel Oxidation Catalysts
85(20)
Introduction
85(1)
Removal of PM, HC and CO
86(5)
Formation of Sulphate Particulate
91(2)
Storage Effects
93(3)
Operating Temperature
96(1)
Catalyst Formulation
97(4)
Particle Size and Number
101(1)
Outlook
102(3)
Formulation of Three-Way Catalysts
105(22)
Introduction
105(1)
Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium
106(7)
Platinum-Rhodium
106(1)
Palladium-Only
107(2)
Palladium-Rhodium
109(1)
Tri-Metal Catalysts
110(2)
Dual-Bed Systems
112(1)
The Washcoat
113(4)
Ceria
113(3)
Lanthana
116(1)
Zirconia and Yttria
116(1)
Next Generation Catalysts
117(1)
Formation of Hydrogen Sulphide
118(5)
Formation Mechanisms
118(2)
Preventative Measures
120(3)
Outlook
123(4)
Aging in Catalysts and Oxygen Sensors
127(22)
Introduction
127(1)
Functional Changes
128(3)
Chemical Deactivation
131(10)
Lead
131(1)
Carbon
131(1)
Silicon
132(1)
Manganese
132(1)
Phosphorous
133(3)
Sulphur
136(5)
Thermal Deactivation
141(3)
Precious Metals
142(1)
Washcoat
143(1)
Rhodium-Alumina Interaction
143(1)
Oxygen Storage Capacity
144(1)
Oxygen Sensors
144(3)
Outlook
147(2)
The Cold-Start Problem
149(38)
Introduction
149(3)
Engine-Out Emissions
152(3)
Engine Management
152(2)
Hardware
154(1)
Insulation and Heat Storage
155(1)
Secondary Air
156(1)
Light-Off and Close-Coupled Catalysts
157(4)
Electically-Heated Catalysts
161(8)
Design of the Catalyst
162(1)
Electrical Sub-System and Heating Strategy
163(4)
Secondary Air and Injection Strategy
167(1)
System Configurations
168(1)
Adsorbers
169(7)
Formulation
170(1)
Adsorption Affinity
171(3)
System Configurations
174(2)
Afterburners
176(3)
Oxygen Sensors
179(3)
Outlook
182(5)
DeNOx Catalysts
187(40)
Introduction
187(2)
Principles of Lean NOx Catalysis
189(7)
Formulation
189(1)
Temperature Window
190(1)
Hydrocarbons
191(2)
Secondary Emissions
193(1)
Aging
194(1)
System Configurations
195(1)
Passive DeNOx
196(4)
Gasoline Engines
196(2)
Diesel Engines
198(2)
Active DeNOx: Reduction with Hydrocarbons
200(6)
Dynamic Dosage Control
200(1)
Injection Method
201(1)
Gas Phase Reactions and Dissipation
202(1)
Injection Schedules
203(1)
Self-Heating
204(1)
Choice of Reductant
204(2)
Active DeNOx: Reduction with Ammonia
206(4)
Reaction Pathways
206(1)
Metering
207(2)
Packaging
209(1)
Zeolitic Catalysts
209(1)
Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction
210(1)
Lean NOx Traps
210(9)
Operating Principles
211(2)
System Integration
213(2)
Deactivation by Sulphur
215(3)
Thermal Deactivation
218(1)
Non-Thermal Plasma
219(3)
Electrocatalysis
222(2)
Outlook
224(3)
Catalyst Monitoring
227(42)
Introduction
227(3)
The Legal Requirement
230(1)
Temperature Measurement
231(8)
Temperature Probes
231(1)
Steady-State Measurements
232(2)
Transient Measurements
234(2)
Energy Balance
236(3)
Dual Oxygen Sensor Method
239(14)
The HEGO Index
242(1)
The Role of Oxygen Storage Capacity
243(6)
Manipulation of the ``Hockey-Stick''
249(2)
Deactivation Mode
251(2)
Potential for New Exhaust Gas Sensors
253(11)
Non-Equilibrium Sensors
253(7)
Selective Sensors
260(3)
Wide-Band Sensors
263(1)
HEGO Diagnostics
264(1)
Outlook
264(2)
List of Symbols
266(3)
Fuels
269(18)
Introduction
269(1)
Diesel
270(1)
Gasoline
271(4)
Bias and Shift
272(2)
Aromatics
274(1)
Natural Gas
275(8)
Compositional Variations
276(1)
Stoichiometric Burn
277(5)
Lean Burn
282(1)
Methanol
283(2)
Outlook
285(2)
Closure
287(14)
Integration
287(1)
Fuel Sulphur
288(2)
Regulations
290(5)
``Off-Cycle'' Emissions
290(1)
Organics
291(1)
Particulate Matter
292(3)
Nitrous Oxide
295(1)
Applications
295(3)
The Consumer
298(1)
Final Remarks
298(3)
Literature Cited 301(72)
Author Index (First-named authors cross-referenced against the text) 373(16)
Subject Index 389

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