
Crash Course in Accounting and Financial Statement Analysis
by Feldman, Matan; Libman, Arkady-
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Summary
Author Biography
Arkady Libman is the Managing Director of Wall Street Prep. Before Wall Street Prep, he worked as an equity research associate at Friedman, Billings, Ramsey & Co., Inc., and as an investment banking analyst at JPMorgan Chase & Co. He completed coursework at the London School of Economics and graduated with honors from Bowdoin College with a BA in economics.
Established by investment bankers, Wall Street Prep is a global full-service financial training firm, providing self-study programs as well as instructor-led training and e-learning services to investment banks, financial institutions, Fortune 1000 companies, and academic institutions.
Table of Contents
About the Authors | p. viii |
Preface | p. x |
Introduction to Accounting | p. 1 |
What Is Accounting? | p. 1 |
Why Is Accounting Important? | p. 2 |
Making Corporate Decisions | p. 2 |
Making Investment Decisions | p. 2 |
Accounting Facilitates Corporate and Investment Decisions | p. 2 |
Who Uses Accounting? | p. 2 |
U.S. Accounting Regulations | p. 2 |
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | p. 2 |
Overview of the Securities and Exchange Commission | p. 3 |
Overview of the Financial Accounting Standards Board | p. 4 |
International Accounting Regulations | p. 4 |
Convergence of U.S. GAAP and IFRS | p. 6 |
Summary | p. 6 |
Basic Accounting Principles | p. 11 |
Assumptions | p. 11 |
Accounting Entity | p. 12 |
Going Concern | p. 13 |
Measurement and Units of Measure | p. 13 |
Periodicity | p. 14 |
Wrap-up: Assumptions | p. 15 |
Principles | p. 18 |
Historical Cost | p. 18 |
Accrual Basis | p. 18 |
Full Disclosure | p. 21 |
Wrap-up: Principles | p. 21 |
Constraints | p. 24 |
Estimates and Judgments | p. 24 |
Materiality | p. 24 |
Consistency | p. 24 |
Conservatism | p. 24 |
Summary | p. 27 |
Financial Reporting | p. 29 |
Financial Reporting Overview | p. 29 |
Finding Financial Reports | p. 30 |
Form 10-K (Annual Filing) | p. 30 |
Why Is the 10-K Important? | p. 30 |
Form 10-Q (Quarterly Filing) | p. 30 |
Other Important Filings | p. 31 |
Form 8-K | p. 31 |
Form S-1 | p. 31 |
Form 14A | p. 31 |
Form 20-F | p. 31 |
Summary | p. 32 |
Reading the Annual Report | p. 35 |
Introduction | p. 35 |
Letter to Stockholders | p. 36 |
Financial Highlights | p. 38 |
Management's Discussion and Analysis | p. 38 |
Financial Statements | p. 40 |
Income Statement | p. 40 |
Balance Sheet | p. 41 |
Cash Flow Statement | p. 41 |
Notes to Consolidated Statements | p. 41 |
Report of Management's Responsibilities | p. 43 |
Certification of Financial Statements | p. 46 |
Risk Factors | p. 48 |
Legal Proceedings | p. 48 |
Report of Independent Auditors | p. 49 |
Directors and Officers | p. 52 |
Summary | p. 54 |
Income Statement | p. 55 |
What is the Income Statement? | p. 55 |
Why Is It Important? | p. 57 |
Revenues | p. 57 |
Not All Income Is Revenue | p. 58 |
Bad Debt Expense | p. 61 |
What Is Bad Debt Expense? | p. 61 |
Revenue Recognition: To Recognize and When? | p. 61 |
Revenue Recognition: Long-Term Projects | p. 62 |
Expense Recognition and Accrual Basis of Accounting | p. 65 |
Basic Principles Revisited: Accrual Basis of Accounting and Matching Principle | p. 65 |
Putting It All Together: The Accrual Basis of Accounting | p. 65 |
Why Use Accrual Accounting? | p. 65 |
Accrual versus Cash Accounting: What's the Difference? | p. 66 |
Revenue Manipulation | p. 67 |
Cost of Goods Sold | p. 70 |
COGS Do Not Include Administrative Costs | p. 70 |
Gross Profit | p. 73 |
Selling, General and Administrative | p. 75 |
Research and Development | p. 77 |
Stock Options Expense | p. 77 |
Depreciation Expense | p. 80 |
Depreciation Is a "Phantom" Noncash Expense | p. 82 |
Straight-Line Depreciation Method | p. 83 |
Accelerated Depreciation Methods | p. 86 |
Depreciation Methods Compared | p. 92 |
Amortization | p. 92 |
Amortization Is a "Noncash" Expense (Like Depreciation) | p. 93 |
What Is the Difference between Depreciation and Amortization? | p. 93 |
Summary | p. 96 |
Goodwill | p. 96 |
Goodwill Not Amortized after 2001 | p. 96 |
Interest Expense | p. 97 |
Interest Income | p. 99 |
Other Nonoperating Income | p. 99 |
Income Tax Expense | p. 99 |
Equity Income in Affiliates | p. 100 |
Minority Interest | p. 102 |
Net Income | p. 104 |
Shares Outstanding | p. 104 |
Representation of Shares Outstanding in the Income Statement | p. 104 |
Common Dividends | p. 108 |
Preferred Dividends | p. 108 |
Earnings per Share | p. 108 |
Nonrecurring Items | p. 110 |
Unusual or Infrequent Items | p. 110 |
Discontinued Operations | p. 112 |
Extraordinary Items | p. 113 |
Accounting Changes | p. 114 |
Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization | p. 117 |
EBITDA: Popular Measure of a Company's Financial Performance | p. 118 |
EBITDA Has Several Shortcomings | p. 119 |
EBIT | p. 122 |
Summary | p. 123 |
Balance Sheet | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Assets Represent the Company's Resources | p. 131 |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity Represent the Company's Sources of Funds (i.e., How It Pays for Assets) | p. 134 |
Lemonade Stand and the Accounting Equation | p. 137 |
Balance Sheet | p. 137 |
Double-Entry Accounting | p. 138 |
Why Is Double-Entry Accounting Important? | p. 143 |
Income Statement Revisited: Links to Balance Sheet | p. 143 |
Retained Earnings: The Link Between Balance Sheet and Income Statement | p. 144 |
Impact of Revenues on the Balance Sheet | p. 145 |
Impact of COGS on the Balance Sheet | p. 145 |
Impact of SG&A on the Balance Sheet | p. 146 |
Impact of Depreciation on the Balance Sheet | p. 146 |
Impact of Interest Expense on the Balance Sheet | p. 146 |
Impact of Tax Expense on the Balance Sheet | p. 146 |
Total Impact of the Year on the Balance Sheet | p. 147 |
Summary | p. 148 |
Order of Liquidity | p. 149 |
Current versus Noncurrent Assets | p. 149 |
Current versus Long-Term Liabilities | p. 149 |
Assets | p. 153 |
Inventories | p. 157 |
LIFO Reserve: The Link between FIFO and LIFO Inventory Methods | p. 164 |
Writing Down Inventories | p. 164 |
Deferred Taxes | p. 164 |
PP&E, Net of Depreciation | p. 169 |
Reconciliation of PP&E | p. 170 |
Fixed Asset Impairments | p. 175 |
Fixed Asset Retirement and Disposal | p. 176 |
Intercompany Investments | p. 177 |
Consolidation | p. 179 |
Intangible Assets | p. 179 |
Goodwill | p. 181 |
Summary: Intangible Assets and Goodwill | p. 184 |
Summary: Assets | p. 186 |
Liabilities | p. 190 |
Other Typical Current Liabilities | p. 192 |
Debt | p. 193 |
Short-Term Debt versus Long-Term Debt | p. 193 |
Capital Leases | p. 194 |
Operating Leases | p. 194 |
Deferred Taxes | p. 195 |
Summary: Deferred Taxes | p. 197 |
Pensions | p. 198 |
Defined Benefit Plan | p. 202 |
Minority Interest | p. 205 |
Summary: Liabilities | p. 209 |
Shareholders' Equity | p. 212 |
Introduction | p. 213 |
Common Stock | p. 214 |
Additional Paid-In Capital | p. 214 |
Preferred Stock | p. 215 |
Treasury Stock | p. 216 |
Retained Earnings | p. 217 |
Summary: Shareholders' Equity | p. 219 |
Summary | p. 222 |
Cash Flow Statement | p. 223 |
Introduction | p. 223 |
Cash Flow Statement to the Rescue! | p. 225 |
Cash Flow from Operations | p. 228 |
Overview | p. 228 |
Indirect Method | p. 228 |
Getting from Net Income to Cost from Operations | p. 229 |
Depreciation | p. 231 |
Working Capital | p. 233 |
Changes in Accounts Receivable | p. 235 |
Changes in Accounts Receivable and the Lemonade Stand | p. 235 |
Changes in Inventories | p. 236 |
Changes in Inventories and the Lemonade Stand | p. 237 |
Changes in Accounts Payable | p. 239 |
Accounts Payable and the Lemonade Stand | p. 239 |
Changes in Other Current Assets | p. 240 |
Changes in Other Current Liabilities | p. 241 |
Increases/Decreases in Deferred Taxes | p. 241 |
Summary: Cash Flow from Operations | p. 244 |
Cash Flow from Investing Activities | p. 247 |
Overview | p. 247 |
Components | p. 247 |
Cash Flow from Financing Activities | p. 251 |
Overview | p. 251 |
Components | p. 251 |
How the Cash Flow is Linked to the Balance Sheet | p. 255 |
Summary | p. 256 |
Online Exercise | p. 256 |
Financial Ratio Analysis | p. 259 |
Introduction | p. 259 |
What Is Financial Ratio Analysis? | p. 259 |
Liquidity Ratios | p. 260 |
Current Ratio | p. 260 |
Quick (Acid) Test | p. 260 |
Current Cash Debt Coverage Ratio | p. 261 |
Profitability Ratios | p. 261 |
Gross Profit Margin | p. 261 |
Profit Margin on Sales | p. 261 |
Return on Assets | p. 262 |
Return on Equity | p. 262 |
Earnings per Share | p. 262 |
Price-to-Earnings Ratio | p. 262 |
Payout Ratio | p. 262 |
Activity Ratios | p. 262 |
Receivables Turnover | p. 263 |
Days Sales Outstanding | p. 263 |
Inventory Turnover | p. 263 |
Days Sales of Inventory | p. 263 |
Asset Turnover | p. 263 |
Coverage Ratios | p. 263 |
Debt to Total Assets | p. 264 |
Times Interest Earned | p. 264 |
Cash Debt Coverage Ratio | p. 264 |
Calculations | p. 265 |
p. 267 | |
Stock Options | p. 267 |
Stock Options Expensing | p. 268 |
Then... | p. 268 |
...and Now | p. 269 |
Debt | p. 270 |
How Are These Two Forms of Capital Raised? | p. 270 |
Who Issues Debt? | p. 270 |
Long-Term Debt | p. 271 |
Capital versus Operating Leases | p. 272 |
Direct Method | p. 272 |
Index | p. 275 |
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