Corrections: The Essentials

Corrections: The Essentials provides a concise presentation of corrections, covering the essential materials for understanding the history, development, and current operations of corrections in an understandable, non-complex discussion of the topics.

Melissa W. Burek is Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Associate Dean in the College of Health and Human Services at Bowling Green State University.

Steven P. Lab is Professor of Criminal Justice at Bowling Green State University.

Michael E. Buerger is Professor of Criminal Justice at Bowling Green State University.

They are coauthors, with Marian R. Williams, Jefferson E. Holcomb, and William R. King, of Criminal Justice: The Essentials, Fifth Edition (OUP, 2018).

Chapter 1. The History and Development of Corrections
Defining Corrections
The Earliest Responses
The Early Middle Ages
Feudalism and the Later Middle Ages
Middle Ages to 1800
The Era of the Penitentiary
The Pennsylvania System
The Auburn System
The Beginnings of Modern Community Corrections
The Era of Reform
The Era of Industry
The Era of Rehabilitation
The Era of Retribution
The Era of Reentry
History of Incarceration for Women
The Custodial Model
The Reformatory Model
Women's Corrections Since the 1930s
Summary

Chapter 2. Correctional Systems
Local Corrections
Country Corrections
Jails
Jail Design
State Corrections
Prison Models
Prison Security Levels
Federal Corrections
Types of Federal Prisons
Growth in Federal Corrections
Private Corrections
Summary

Chapter 3. Correctional Rationales
Theoretical Schools of Thought
The Classical School
The Positivistic School
Intersections and Change
Retribution
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Diversion
Restorative Justice
Summary

Chapter 4. Institutional Corrections
Introduction
Life Behind Bars
Adapting to the Prison Life Prior to the 1970s
Prison Life in the late 20th, early 21st Centuries
Women and Prison Life
Pro-Social Adjustment to Prison Life
Inmate Rights
History and Background
Types of Litigation
Implication of the Prisoners' Rights Movement
Special Offender Populations
Inmates and HIV/AIDS
Inmates and Substance Use
Aging and Elderly Inmates
Inmates and Mental Illness
Correctional Officers
Rank and Responsibilities to Ensure Safety and Security
Types of Correctional Officers
Women as Correctional Officers
Problems Faced by Correctional Officers
Relationships between Correctional Officers and Inmates
Prison Issues
Crowding
Prison Violence and Prison Discipline
Institutional Corrections and Technology
Summary

Chapter 5. Community Corrections
Introduction
Probation
History and Foundations
Presentence Investigation Process and the Probation Decision
Probation Conditions
The Probation Officer Role
Probation Caseloads
Intermediate Sanctions
Intensive Supervision Probation
Home Confinement
Electronic Monitoring
Halfway Houses or Community Residential Centers
Day Reporting Centers
Boot Camps
Other Community Sanctions
Economic Sanctions
Fines
Community Service
Determining the Appropriate Sanction
Principles of Effective Classification
Intermediate Sanctions and Widening the Net
Conclusion

Chapter 6. Parole and Reentry
Word of Honor
Predecessors to Parole
Australia and Alexander Maconochie
The Irish Penal System and Sir Walter Crofton
Parole in the United States
The Elmira Reformatory
Justifications For and Against Parole
Dual Meaning of Parole
Characteristics of Parole Boards
The Parole Release Decision
Parole Guidelines
Conditions of Release
Parole Officers and Parolees
Parole Revocation Process
Other Mechanisms of Release from Prison and Sentence Reductions
Reentry
Barriers and Challenges to Reentry
Reentry Programming and Services
Evidence-Based Practices to Reentry
Conclusion

Chapter 7. Juvenile Corrections
Introduction
Early History
Houses of Refuge
Reformatories
Institutions for Females
The New Juvenile System
Juvenile Institutional Corrections Today
Detention Centers
Training Schools
Other Placements
Institutional Life
Victimization
Inmate Misconduct
Racial/Ethnic Tension
Mental Health and Co-occurring Disorders
Community Corrections
Probation
Intensive Probation Supervision
Home Confinement
Balanced Probation
Restitution
Restorative Justice
Aftercare
Issues in Community Corrections
Summary

Chapter 8. Correctional Effectiveness
Deterrence
Incapacitation
The Collective Incapacitation of Imprisonment
The Selective Incapacitation of Imprisonment
Rehabilitation
The "What Works" Argument
Risk, Need, and Responsivity
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
Rehabilitation Summary
Summary