1 Basic Concepts |
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1 | (72) |
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1.1 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions |
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1 | (13) |
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1.2 Recognizing Arguments |
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14 | (17) |
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1.3 Deduction and Induction |
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31 | (10) |
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1.4 Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency |
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41 | (11) |
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1.5 Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity |
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52 | (7) |
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59 | (14) |
2 Language: Meaning and Definition |
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73 | (37) |
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73 | (9) |
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2.2 The Intension and Extension of Terms |
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82 | (4) |
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2.3 Definitions and Their Purposes |
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86 | (8) |
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2.4 Definitional Techniques |
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94 | (9) |
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2.5 Criteria for Lexical Definitions |
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103 | (7) |
3 Informal Fallacies |
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110 | (74) |
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110 | (3) |
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3.2 Fallacies of Relevance |
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113 | (15) |
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3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction |
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128 | (16) |
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3.4 Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical Analogy |
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144 | (23) |
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3.5 Fallacies in Ordinary Language |
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167 | (17) |
4 Categorical Propositions |
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184 | (53) |
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4.1 The Components of Categorical Propositions |
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184 | (2) |
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4.2 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution |
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186 | (5) |
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4.3 Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition |
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191 | (8) |
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4.4 Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition |
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199 | (10) |
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4.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition |
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209 | (10) |
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4.6 Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint |
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219 | (7) |
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4.7 Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form |
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226 | (11) |
5 Categorical Syllogisms |
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237 | (43) |
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5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure |
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237 | (7) |
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244 | (12) |
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256 | (8) |
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5.4 Reducing the Number of Terms |
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264 | (2) |
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5.5 Ordinary Language Arguments |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (5) |
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274 | (6) |
6 Propositional Logic |
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280 | (58) |
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6.1 Symbols and Translation |
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280 | (11) |
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291 | (11) |
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6.3 Truth Tables for Propositions |
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302 | (8) |
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6.4 Truth Tables for Arguments |
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310 | (4) |
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6.5 Indirect Truth Tables |
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314 | (6) |
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6.6 Argument Forms and Fallacies |
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320 | (18) |
7 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic |
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338 | (54) |
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7.1 Rules of Implication I |
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338 | (11) |
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7.2 Rules of Implication II |
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349 | (9) |
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7.3 Rules of Replacement I |
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358 | (10) |
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7.4 Rules of Replacement II |
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368 | (11) |
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379 | (4) |
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383 | (5) |
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7.7 Proving Logical Truths |
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388 | (4) |
8 Predicate Logic |
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392 | (59) |
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8.1 Symbols and Translation |
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392 | (9) |
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8.2 Using the Rules of Inference |
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401 | (10) |
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8.3 Change of Quantifier Rule |
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411 | (4) |
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8.4 Conditional and Indirect Proof |
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415 | (5) |
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420 | (6) |
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8.6 Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers |
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426 | (11) |
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437 | (14) |
9 Induction |
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451 | (120) |
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9.1 Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning |
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451 | (18) |
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9.2 Causality and Mill's Methods |
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469 | (21) |
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490 | (16) |
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9.4 Statistical Reasoning |
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506 | (19) |
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9.5 Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning |
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525 | (19) |
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9.6 Science and Superstition |
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544 | (27) |
Appendix: Logic and Standardized Tests |
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571 | (8) |
Answers to Selected Exercises |
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579 | (67) |
Glossary/Index |
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646 | |