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Understanding Earth: A Dynamic and Evolving Planet |
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2 | (24) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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Geo-Focus 1.1: Interpreting Earth History |
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7 | (1) |
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Geology and the Formulation of Theories |
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7 | (1) |
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How Does Geology Relate to the Human Experience? |
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8 | (1) |
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How Does Geology Affect Our Everyday Lives? |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Our Role as Decision Makers |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Global Geologic and Environmental Issues Facing Humankind |
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10 | (1) |
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Origin of the Universe and Solar System, and Earth's Place in Them |
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11 | (5) |
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Origin of the Universe---Did It Begin with a Big Bang? |
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11 | (1) |
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Our Solar System---Its Origin and Evolution |
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12 | (1) |
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Earth---Its Place in Our Solar System |
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13 | (1) |
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The Terrestrial and Jovian Planets |
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14 | (2) |
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Why Is Earth a Dynamic and Evolving Planet? |
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16 | (3) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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How Are the Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics Related? |
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19 | (1) |
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Organic Evolution and the History of Life |
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20 | (2) |
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Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism |
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22 | (1) |
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How Does the Study of Geology Benefit Us? |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (3) |
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Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory |
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26 | (32) |
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28 | (1) |
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What Were Some of the Early Ideas About Continental Drift? |
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28 | (2) |
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Geo-Focus 2.1: Oil, Plate Tectonics, and Politics |
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29 | (1) |
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Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis |
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30 | (1) |
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What Is the Evidence for Continental Drift? |
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30 | (4) |
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30 | (1) |
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Similarity of Rock Sequences and Mountain Ranges |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering |
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34 | (1) |
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How Do Magnetic Reversals Relate to Seafloor Spreading? |
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35 | (2) |
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Deep-Sea Drilling and the Confirmation of Seafloor Spreading |
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37 | (1) |
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Why Is Plate Tectonics a Unifying Theory? |
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37 | (5) |
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39 | (1) |
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Tectonics of the Terrestrial Planets |
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40 | (2) |
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What Are the Three Types of Plate Boundaries? |
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42 | (6) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (1) |
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What Are Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes? |
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48 | (1) |
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How Are Plate Movement and Motion Determined? |
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49 | (1) |
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What Is the Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics? |
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50 | (1) |
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How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Natural Resources? |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Life? |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (4) |
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Minerals---The Building Blocks of Rocks |
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58 | (28) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (4) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (2) |
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Naturally Occurring Inorganic Substances |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Chemical Composition of Minerals |
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66 | (1) |
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Physical Properties of Minerals |
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66 | (1) |
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How Many Minerals Are There? |
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67 | (1) |
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Geology in Unexpected Places: The Queen's Jewels |
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68 | (1) |
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Mineral Groups Recognized by Geologists |
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68 | (3) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Physical Properties of Minerals |
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71 | (7) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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Geo-Focus 3.1: Mineral Crystals |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Specific Gravity (Density) |
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77 | (1) |
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Other Useful Mineral Properties |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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What Are Rock-Forming Minerals? |
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78 | (1) |
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Natural Resources and Reserves |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (4) |
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Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity |
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86 | (26) |
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88 | (1) |
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The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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How Hot Are Magma and Lava? |
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89 | (1) |
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Viscosity---Resistance to Flow |
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90 | (1) |
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How Does Magma Originate and Change? |
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90 | (5) |
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91 | (1) |
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The Origin of Magma at Spreading Ridges |
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92 | (1) |
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Subduction Zones and the Origin of Magma |
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93 | (1) |
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Processes That Bring About Compositional Changes in Magma |
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93 | (2) |
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Igneous Rocks---Their Characteristics and Classification |
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95 | (5) |
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95 | (1) |
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Composition of Igneous Rocks |
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95 | (1) |
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Classifying Igneous Rocks |
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96 | (4) |
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Plutons---Their Characteristics and Origins |
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100 | (6) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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Geo-Focus 4.1: Some Remarkable Volcanic Necks |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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How Are Batholiths Intruded into Earth's Crust? |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (4) |
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112 | (26) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (5) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Geo-Focus 5.1: Lava Flows Pose Little Danger to Humans---Usually |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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What Are the Types of Volcanoes, and How Do They Form? |
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121 | (7) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (1) |
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Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes) |
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125 | (1) |
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Geology in Unexpected Places: A Most Unusual Volcano |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus |
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128 | (1) |
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Pyroclastic Sheet Deposits |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (4) |
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How Large Is an Eruption, and How Long Do Eruptions Last? |
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130 | (1) |
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Is It Possible to Forecast Eruptions? |
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130 | (3) |
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Distribution of Volcanoes |
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133 | (1) |
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Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Plutons |
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134 | (1) |
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Igneous Activity at Divergent Plate Boundaries |
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134 | (1) |
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Igneous Activity at Convergent Plate Boundaries |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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Weathering, Soil, and Sedimentary Rocks |
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138 | (34) |
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140 | (1) |
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How Are Earth Materials Altered? |
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141 | (5) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (4) |
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How Does Soil Form and Deteriorate? |
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146 | (7) |
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147 | (1) |
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Factors That Control Soil Formation |
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148 | (2) |
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Geo-Focus 6.1: The Dust Bowl---An American Tragedy |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks |
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153 | (2) |
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Sediment Transport and Deposition |
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154 | (1) |
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How Does Sediment Become Sedimentary Rock? |
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154 | (1) |
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Types of Sedimentary Rocks |
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155 | (4) |
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Detrital Sedimentary Rocks |
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156 | (2) |
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Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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Reading the Story in Sedimentary Rocks |
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161 | (5) |
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161 | (1) |
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Fossils---Remains and Traces of Ancient Life |
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162 | (1) |
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Determining the Environment of Deposition |
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162 | (2) |
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Geology in Unexpected Places: Sandstone Lion |
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164 | (2) |
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Important Resources in Sedimentary Rocks |
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166 | (2) |
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Petroleum and Natural Gas |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (4) |
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Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks |
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172 | (24) |
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174 | (3) |
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Geo-Focus 7.1: Asbestos: Good or Bad? |
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176 | (1) |
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What Are the Agents of Metamorphism? |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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What Are the Three Types of Metamorphism? |
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178 | (3) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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How Are Metamorphic Rocks Classified? |
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181 | (6) |
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Foliated Metamorphic Rocks |
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181 | (3) |
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Geology in Unexpected Places: Starting Off with a Clean Slate |
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184 | (2) |
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Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks |
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186 | (1) |
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What Are Metamorphic Zones and Facies? |
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187 | (3) |
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188 | (2) |
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How Does Plate Tectonics Affect Metamorphism? |
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190 | (2) |
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Metamorphism and Natural Resources |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (3) |
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Earthquakes and Earth's Interior |
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196 | (36) |
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198 | (1) |
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What Is the Elastic Rebound Theory? |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (3) |
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The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake |
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200 | (2) |
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Where Do Earthquakes Occur, and How Often? |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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How Is an Earthquake's Epicenter Located? |
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205 | (2) |
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How Are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured? |
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207 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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What Are the Destructive Effects of Earthquakes? |
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210 | (5) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Geo-Focus 8.1: Designing Earthquake-Resistant Structures |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? |
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215 | (5) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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Earthquake Prediction Programs |
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219 | (1) |
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Can Earthquakes Be Controlled? |
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220 | (1) |
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What Is Earth's Interior Like? |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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Density and Composition of the Core |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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The Mantle's Structure, Density, and Composition |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (2) |
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Geology in Unexpected Places: Diamonds and Earth's Interior |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (4) |
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232 | (26) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (3) |
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235 | (1) |
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How Are Oceans Explored Today? |
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236 | (1) |
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Oceanic Crust---Its Structure and Composition |
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237 | (1) |
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What Are Continental Margins? |
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238 | (3) |
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238 | (1) |
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The Continental Slope and Rise |
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239 | (1) |
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Submarine Canyons, Turbidity Currents, and Submarine Fans |
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239 | (2) |
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Types of Continental Margins |
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241 | (1) |
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What Features Are Found in the Deep-Ocean Basins? |
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241 | (5) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Submarine Hydrothermal Vents |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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Seamounts, Guyots, and Aseismic Ridges |
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245 | (1) |
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Sedimentation and Sediments on the Deep Seafloor |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (3) |
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Reefs: Rocks Made by Organisms |
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248 | (2) |
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Seawater and Seafloor Resources |
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250 | (4) |
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Geo-Focus 9.1: Oceanic Circulation and Resources from the Sea |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (4) |
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Deformation, Mountain Building, and the Continents |
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258 | (32) |
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260 | (1) |
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Rock Deformation---How Does It Occur? |
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260 | (3) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Geology in Unexpected Places: Ancient Ruins and Geology |
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262 | (1) |
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Strike and Dip---The Orientation of Deformed Rock Layers |
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263 | (1) |
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Deformation and Geologic Structures |
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264 | (12) |
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264 | (5) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (4) |
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Deformation and the Origin of Mountains |
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276 | (8) |
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276 | (1) |
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Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building |
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277 | (1) |
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Geo-Focus 10.1: Geologic Maps---Their Construction and Uses |
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278 | (5) |
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Terranes and the Origin of Mountains |
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283 | (1) |
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Earth's Continental Crust |
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284 | (3) |
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284 | (1) |
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The Principle of Isostasy |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (3) |
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290 | (30) |
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292 | (1) |
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What Factors Influence Mass Wasting? |
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293 | (4) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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Geology in Unexpected Places: New Hampshire Says Good-Bye to the ``Old Man'' |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Geology and Slope Stability |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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What Are the Different Types of Mass Wasting? |
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297 | (16) |
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Geo-Focus 11.1: The Tragedy at Aberfan, Wales |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (7) |
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Point Fermin---Slip Sliding Away |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (4) |
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312 | (1) |
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How Can We Recognize and Minimize the Effects of Mass Movements? |
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313 | (5) |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (32) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (3) |
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Geo-Focus 12.1: Dams, Reservoirs, and Hydroelectric Power Plants |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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Sheet Flow and Channel Flow |
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326 | (1) |
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Gradient, Velocity, and Discharge |
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327 | (1) |
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How Does Running Water Erode and Transport Sediment? |
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328 | (1) |
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Deposition by Running Water |
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329 | (8) |
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The Deposits of Braided and Meandering Channels |
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330 | (3) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (2) |
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Geology in Unexpected Places: Floating Burial Chambers |
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337 | (1) |
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Can Floods Be Predicted and Controlled? |
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337 | (4) |
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338 | (3) |
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Drainage Basins and Drainage Patterns |
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341 | (4) |
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The Significance of Base Level |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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How Do Valleys Form and Evolve? |
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345 | (4) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (3) |
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352 | (32) |
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354 | (1) |
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Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle |
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354 | (1) |
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How Do Earth Materials Absorb Water? |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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How Does Groundwater Move? |
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356 | (1) |
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What Are Springs, Water Wells, and Artesian Systems? |
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357 | (3) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (1) |
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How Does Groundwater Erode and Deposit Material? |
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360 | (7) |
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Sinkholes and Karst Topography |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (2) |
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The Burren Area of Ireland |
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364 | (3) |
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How Do Humans Affect the Groundwater System? |
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367 | (8) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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Groundwater Contamination |
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370 | (2) |
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Geo-Focus 13.1: Arsenic and Old Lace |
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372 | (2) |
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374 | (1) |
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Geology in Unexpected Places: Water-Treatment Plants |
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375 | (1) |
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Hydrothermal Activity---What Is It, and Where Does It Occur? |
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375 | (6) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (3) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (3) |
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384 | (28) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (2) |
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Glaciers---Part of the Hydrologic Cycle |
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388 | (1) |
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How Do Glaciers Form and Move? |
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388 | (1) |
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What Kinds of Glaciers Are There? |
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389 | (2) |
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390 | (1) |
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Continental Glaciers and Ice Caps |
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390 | (1) |
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Accumulation and Wastage---The Glacial Budget |
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391 | (3) |
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How Fast Do Glaciers Move? |
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392 | (1) |
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|
393 | (1) |
|
Glacial Erosion and Transport |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
Erosion by Valley Glaciers |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Continental Glaciers and Erosional Landforms |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (9) |
|
Geo-Focus 14.1: Glaciers in U.S. and Canadian National Parks |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
Valley Glaciers and Erosion |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Landforms Composed of Till |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
Landforms Composed of Stratified Drift |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Short-Term Climatic Events |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (3) |
|
The Work of Wind and Deserts |
|
|
412 | (26) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
How Does Wind Transport Sediment? |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
How Does Wind Erode Landforms? |
|
|
415 | (6) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Geo-Focus 15.1: Radioactive Waste Disposal---Safe or Sorry? |
|
|
416 | (2) |
|
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
Geology in Unexpected Places: Blowing in the Wind |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
What Are the Different Types of Wind Deposits? |
|
|
421 | (4) |
|
The Formation and Migration of Dunes |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (3) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
How Are Air-Pressure Belts and Global Wind Patterns Distributed? |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
What Are the Characteristics of Deserts? |
|
|
428 | (4) |
|
Temperature, Precipitation, and Vegetation |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Mass Wasting, Streams, and Groundwater |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
What Types of Landforms Are Found in Deserts? |
|
|
432 | (3) |
|
|
|
435 | (3) |
|
Shorelines and Shoreline Processes |
|
|
438 | (32) |
|
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Tides, Waves, and Nearshore Currents |
|
|
441 | (7) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Geo-Focus 16.1: Energy from the Oceans |
|
|
442 | (3) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Nearshore Currents and Sediment Transport |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
Deposition Along Shorelines |
|
|
448 | (7) |
|
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
Shoreline Processes and Beaches |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
Seasonal Changes in Beaches |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Spits, Baymouth Bars, and Tombolos |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
How Are Shorelines Eroded? |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Sea Caves, Arches, and Stacks |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
The Nearshore Sediment Budget |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
How Are Coastal Areas Managed As Sea Level Rises? |
|
|
458 | (5) |
|
Geology in Unexpected Places: Erosion and the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Storm Waves and Coastal Flooding |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
Depositional and Erosional Coasts |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Submergent and Emergent Coasts |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
|
|
466 | (4) |
|
Geologic Time: Concepts and Principles |
|
|
470 | (34) |
|
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
How Has the Concept of Geologic Time and Earth's Age Changed Throughout Human History? |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
Geo-Focus 17.1: Geologic Time and Climate Change |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Why Are James Hutton's Contributions to Geology Important? |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
Geology in Unexpected Places: Time Marches On---The Great Wall of China |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
What Are Relative Dating Methods? |
|
|
479 | (8) |
|
Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
|
|
481 | (4) |
|
Applying the Principles of Relative Dating |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
How Do Geologists Correlate Rock Units? |
|
|
487 | (4) |
|
|
|
488 | (3) |
|
What Are Absolute Dating Methods? |
|
|
491 | (5) |
|
Atoms, Elements, and Isotopes |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dating Methods |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
How Was the Geologic Time Scale Developed? |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Terminology |
|
|
496 | (4) |
|
|
|
500 | (4) |
|
Evolution---The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence |
|
|
504 | (26) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Evolution: What Does It Mean? |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and His Ideas on Evolution |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
The Contributions of Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Geo-Focus 18.1: The Tragic Lysenko Affair |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Natural Selection---What Is Its Significance? |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Mendel and the Birth of Genetics |
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
The Modern View of Evolution |
|
|
511 | (6) |
|
What Brings About Variation? |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Speciation and the Rate of Evolution |
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
Divergent, Convergent, and Parallel Evolution |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Cladistics and Cladograms |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory? |
|
|
517 | (9) |
|
Classification---A Nested Pattern of Similarities |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
How Does Biological Evidence Support Evolution? |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
Fossils: What Do We Learn from Them? |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
|
|
522 | (4) |
|
|
|
526 | (4) |
|
Precambrian Earth and Life History |
|
|
530 | (32) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
What Happened During the Hadean? |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Continental Foundations---Shields, Platforms, and Cratons |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (4) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Archean Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Cratons |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Proterozoic Earth History |
|
|
539 | (8) |
|
Proterozoic Evolution of Laurentia |
|
|
539 | (3) |
|
Proterozoic Supercontinents |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (4) |
|
Geology in Unexpected Places: Little Rock, Big Story |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere |
|
|
547 | (3) |
|
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Life---Its Origin and Early History |
|
|
550 | (6) |
|
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
Geo-Focus 19.1: Banded Iron Formation---From Mine to Steel Mill |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
What Kinds of Resources Are Found in Precambrian Rocks? |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (4) |
|
|
|
562 | (40) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Continental Architecture: Cratons and Mobile Belts |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (4) |
|
Early-Middle Paleozoic Global History |
|
|
566 | (3) |
|
Late Paleozoic Global History |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Paleozoic Evolution of North America |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Geo-Focus 20.1: Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (4) |
|
Tippecanoe Reefs and Evaporites |
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
The End of the Tippecanoe Sequence |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (5) |
|
Reef Development in Western Canada |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
The Late Kaskaskia---A Return to Extensive Carbonate Deposition |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (4) |
|
What Are Cyclothems, and Why Are They Important? |
|
|
583 | (3) |
|
Cratonic Uplift---The Ancestral Rockies |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
The Late Absaroka---More Evaporite Deposits and Reefs |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
History of the Paleozoic Mobile Belts |
|
|
586 | (8) |
|
|
|
586 | (5) |
|
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Geology in Unexpected Places: A Man's Home Is His Castle |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
What Role Did Microplates and Terranes Play in the Formation of Pangaea? |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Paleozoic Mineral Resources |
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
|
|
596 | (6) |
|
|
|
602 | (34) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
What Was the Cambrian Explosion? |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
The Emergence of a Shelly Fauna |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Paleozoic Invertebrate Marine Life |
|
|
606 | (9) |
|
The Present Marine Ecosystem |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Cambrian Marine Community |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
Trilobites---Paleozoic Arthropods |
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
Ordovician Marine Community |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Silurian and Devonian Marine Communities |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Carboniferous and Permian Marine Communities |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
The Permian Marine Invertebrate Mass Extinction |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (5) |
|
Amphibians---Vertebrates Invade the Land |
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
Evolution of the Reptiles---The Land Is Conquered |
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
|
|
625 | (6) |
|
Geo-Focus 21.1: Palynology: A Link Between Geology and Biology |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Silurian and Devonian Floras |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Late Carboniferous and Permian Floras |
|
|
628 | (3) |
|
|
|
631 | (5) |
|
Mesozoic Earth and Life History |
|
|
636 | (44) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
638 | (3) |
|
The Effects of the Breakup of Pangaea on Global Climates and Ocean Circulation Patterns |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Mesozoic History of North America |
|
|
641 | (11) |
|
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
|
645 | (2) |
|
Geology in Unexpected Places: Ancient Seafloor in San Francisco |
|
|
647 | (5) |
|
What Role Did Accretion of Terranes Play in the Growth of Western North America? |
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
Mesozoic Mineral Resources |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
|
655 | (16) |
|
Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton |
|
|
655 | (2) |
|
Plants---Primary Producers on Land |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
The Diversification of Reptiles |
|
|
658 | (4) |
|
|
|
662 | (4) |
|
Geo-Focus 22.1: Mary Anning's Contributions to Paleontology |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
Origin and Early History of Mammals |
|
|
668 | (3) |
|
Mesozoic Climates and Paleogeography |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Mass Extinctions---A Crisis in the History of Life |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (7) |
|
Cenozoic Earth and Life History |
|
|
680 | (38) |
|
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
Cenozoic Plate Tectonics and Orogeny---An Overview |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
Paleogene and Neogene Evolution of North America |
|
|
683 | (9) |
|
The North American Cordillera |
|
|
683 | (3) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
|
688 | (4) |
|
|
|
692 | (4) |
|
Pleistocene Tectonism and Volcanism |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
|
|
694 | (2) |
|
Geo-Focus 23.1: Supervolcanoes |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Cenozoic Mineral Resources |
|
|
696 | (4) |
|
Geology in Unexpected Places: Evidence of Glaciation in New York City |
|
|
698 | (2) |
|
Paleogene and Neogene Life History |
|
|
700 | (6) |
|
Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Paleogene and Neogene Birds |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Diversification of Mammals |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
|
701 | (5) |
|
|
|
706 | (9) |
|
|
|
706 | (2) |
|
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
|
|
709 | (5) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
715 | (3) |
|
Physical and Historical Geology in Perspective |
|
|
718 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
A: English--Metric Conversion Chart |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
B: Periodic Table of the Elements |
|
|
724 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
Multiple-Choice Review Questions |
|
|
726 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
727 | (9) |
| Index |
|
736 | |
Other versions by this Author
