| Contributors |
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xi | |
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1 | (3) |
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Physics of Flow Above the Sediment- Water Interface |
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4 | (40) |
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Elements of Benthic Boundary Layers |
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5 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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Energy Cascade and Coherent Motions |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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Benthic Boundary Layer Hydrodynamics |
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9 | (9) |
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9 | (3) |
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The Logarithmic Layer and Coriolis Deflection |
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12 | (2) |
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Structure of the Constant Stress Layer |
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14 | (4) |
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A Hierarchy of Hydrodynamic Models |
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18 | (4) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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A Model for Discrete Turbulent Elements Near the Bed |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (6) |
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The Brinkman Layer and the No-Slip Condition |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (3) |
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BBL Development, Spatial Averaging of Roughness, and Flow Separation |
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26 | (1) |
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Local Effects of Roughness and Bed Mobility |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Benthic Boundary Layer Stratification |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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Turbulent Wave-Current Boundary Layers |
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33 | (1) |
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Estimating Bed Shear Stress |
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34 | (3) |
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35 | (1) |
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Semi-logarithmic Velocity Gradient |
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36 | (1) |
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Near-Bed Reynolds Stress and TKE |
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36 | (1) |
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TKE Dissipation Rate in the Inertial Subrange |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (7) |
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Fine-Scale Flow Measurements in the Benthic Boundary Layer |
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44 | (34) |
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Thermal Anemometry Technique |
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44 | (7) |
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45 | (2) |
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Heat Transfer Correlations |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Calibration of Hot-Film Probes |
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49 | (1) |
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Problems Associated with Hot-Film Measurements in Water |
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49 | (1) |
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Hot-Film Measurements in a Boundary Layer |
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50 | (1) |
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Examples of Thermal Anemometry in BBL Research |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (10) |
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52 | (2) |
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Examples of LDA Applications |
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54 | (2) |
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Particle Image Velocimetry |
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56 | (3) |
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Examples of PIV Applications |
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59 | (2) |
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Positron Emission Tomography and Flow in Sediments |
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61 | (3) |
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Setup and Basic Principles of PET |
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62 | (1) |
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Examples and Limitations of PET |
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62 | (2) |
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Acoustic Devices for Large-Scale Measurements |
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64 | (1) |
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Flumes as Experimental Tools for BBL Research |
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65 | (13) |
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Characterization of Open Channel Flow |
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65 | (2) |
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Practical Considerations around Flume Experiments |
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67 | (1) |
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Flow Generation in Flumes |
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68 | (1) |
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Flume Designs for Special Purposes |
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69 | (1) |
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Examples of BBL Studies Using Flumes |
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69 | (9) |
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Suspended Particle Transport in Benthic Boundary Layers |
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78 | (26) |
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79 | (6) |
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Eddy Viscosity and Diffusivity |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (10) |
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Concentration Bottom Boundary Condition |
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90 | (1) |
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Flux Bottom Boundary Condition |
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91 | (2) |
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Bottom Boundary Condition for Nonzero Es (O+,t) |
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93 | (1) |
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Models with Nonlocal Injection from the Bed |
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94 | (3) |
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Effect of Nonlocal Injection on Estimates of γ0 |
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97 | (1) |
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Summary of Bottom Boundary Conditions |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (6) |
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Solute Transport Above the Sediment-Water Interface |
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104 | (23) |
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Solute Transport Near a Flat Solid Surface |
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104 | (8) |
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Classical Eddy Diffusion Theory |
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104 | (5) |
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Periodic Boundary Layer Models |
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109 | (2) |
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Higher Order Closure Models |
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111 | (1) |
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Mass Transfer with a Porous Interface |
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112 | (8) |
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Effects of Porosity and Permeability |
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112 | (2) |
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Effects of Surface Roughness |
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114 | (3) |
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Unequal or Changing Reactivity of the Sediment Surface |
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117 | (3) |
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Mass Transfer in the BBL with Reaction |
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120 | (3) |
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Influence of the Time Scale of Reaction |
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120 | (1) |
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Turbulence and Nonlinear Reactions |
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121 | (2) |
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Summary and Some Directions for Future Work |
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123 | (4) |
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The Fine Structure and Properties of the Sediment Surface |
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127 | (17) |
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127 | (1) |
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Visualization of the Sediment-Water Interface |
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128 | (2) |
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Towards a Correlative Approach |
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130 | (3) |
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Fine-Scale Properties of the Sediment Surface |
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133 | (1) |
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Temporal Variability in Sediment Properties |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (5) |
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Porewater Flow in Permeable Sediments |
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144 | (36) |
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Introduction to Advective Transport |
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144 | (3) |
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Molecular Diffusion Versus Advection |
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144 | (1) |
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The Physics of Porewater Transport and Darcy's Law |
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144 | (2) |
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Advective Transport in the Marine Environment |
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146 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Advective Transport |
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147 | (15) |
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Current-Induced Advective Transport |
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147 | (7) |
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Wave-Induced Advection in Sediments |
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154 | (6) |
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Density-Driven Convection |
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160 | (2) |
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Consequences of Advective Transport |
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162 | (8) |
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Spatial and Temporal Zonation Due to Advection |
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162 | (2) |
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The Impact of Advective Flows on Sediment Geochemistry |
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164 | (5) |
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Consequences to the Natural Environment |
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169 | (1) |
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Summary and Suggestions for Future Research |
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170 | (10) |
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Biogeochemical Microsensors for Boundary Layer Studies |
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180 | (31) |
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Electrochemical Microsensors |
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181 | (13) |
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181 | (1) |
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Ag/Ag+ Half-Cell Microelectrodes |
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181 | (6) |
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Ion-Exchange-Based Microsensors |
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187 | (2) |
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Simple Microsensors with Continuous or No Polarization |
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189 | (2) |
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Gas Microsensors with Ion-Impermeable Membranes |
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191 | (2) |
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Instrumentation for Electrochemical Microsensors |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (5) |
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Field Radiance Microprobes |
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194 | (1) |
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Irradiance and Scalar Irradiance Microprobes |
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195 | (1) |
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Microprobes for Fluorescence and Surface Detection |
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196 | (1) |
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Fiber-Optic Microsensors: Micro-opt(r)odes |
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197 | (1) |
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Instrumentation for Fiber-Optic Microsensors |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (3) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (2) |
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Microsensors for Diffusivity and Water Velocities |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Physical Disturbance Caused by Sensor Insertion |
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203 | (1) |
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Summary and Some Directions for Future Work |
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203 | (8) |
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Diagenesis and Sediment-Water Exchange |
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211 | (34) |
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Biogeochemical Processes and BBL Interactions |
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212 | (14) |
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Processes with Direct BBL Interaction: Oxygen Uptake |
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213 | (6) |
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Processes with Indirect BBL Interaction: Denitrification |
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219 | (3) |
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Processes with Reaction in the BBL: Manganese and Iron Cycling |
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222 | (4) |
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Processes Independent of the BBL |
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226 | (1) |
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Quantitative Modelling of Solute Profiles and Fluxes |
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226 | (8) |
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Overview of Diagenetic Models |
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226 | (3) |
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Dissolution or Precipitation of a Solid |
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229 | (1) |
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Oxygen Uptake in Sediments |
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230 | (3) |
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Transport with Reaction in Sediments and the DBL |
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233 | (1) |
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Modeling the Solids Exchange |
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234 | (4) |
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238 | (7) |
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In Situ Sampling in the Benthic Boundary Layer |
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245 | (24) |
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245 | (7) |
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Particle Transport Measurements |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (1) |
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Deployment Platforms and Vehicles |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (3) |
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Problems of Spatial Scale and Temporal Variability |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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Examples of Emerging Experimental Strategies |
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255 | (8) |
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An Unresolved Shallow-Water Question |
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255 | (6) |
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A Deep-Sea Example: BIOPROBE |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (6) |
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Transport and Reactions in the Bioirrigated Zone |
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269 | (33) |
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Average Transport Properties in the Bioirrigated Zone |
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269 | (2) |
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Excavation, Irrigation, and Sediment Fluidization |
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271 | (2) |
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Biogenic Turbulent Diffusion Analogy |
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273 | (4) |
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277 | (1) |
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Apparent Source-Sink or Nonlocal Exchange Models |
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278 | (4) |
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Diagenetic Reaction Distributions in the Bioirrigated Zone |
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282 | (1) |
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Average-Microenvironment-Analog Transport Models |
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283 | (6) |
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Interactions Between Solute Transport and Reaction Kinetics |
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289 | (2) |
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Biogenic Sediment Fabric and Microscale Transport |
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291 | (3) |
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Structure and Biogeochemistry of the Bioturbated Zone |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (7) |
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Constraining Organic Matter Cycling with Benthic Fluxes |
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302 | (18) |
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Seafloor Solute Exchange Mechanisms and Rates |
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302 | (3) |
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Biogeochemical Cycling on the Continental Shelf |
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305 | (4) |
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Biogeochemical Cycling on the Continental Slope |
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309 | (2) |
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Biogeochemical Cycling on the Abyssal Seafloor |
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311 | (9) |
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Macroscopic Animals and Plants in Benthic Flows |
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320 | (28) |
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Flow Modification of Sensory Fields |
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321 | (4) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (2) |
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Flow Effects on Momentum and Mass Transfer |
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325 | (5) |
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Mass and Momentum Transfer to and from Macrophytes |
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325 | (4) |
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Momentum and Mass Transfer in Other Benthic Settings |
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329 | (1) |
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Benthic Populations and Larval Dynamics |
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330 | (7) |
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Spawning and Fertilization |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (2) |
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Settlement and Recruitment |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (11) |
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Life in the Diffusive Boundary Layer |
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348 | (26) |
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348 | (3) |
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Moving at Low Reynolds Numbers |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (3) |
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Solute Transport to Moving Particles |
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351 | (1) |
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Diffusion Field Around Particles |
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352 | (2) |
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The Benthic Diffusive Boundary Layer |
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354 | (12) |
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DBL Visualization by Microelectrodes |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (2) |
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Microelectrode Interference with the DBL |
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361 | (3) |
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Diffusive Boundary Layer Thickness |
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364 | (2) |
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Overcoming the Diffusion Limitation |
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366 | (8) |
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367 | (7) |
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Interfacial Microbial Mats and Biofilms |
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374 | (21) |
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Structure and Composition of Biofilms and Mats |
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377 | (3) |
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Techniques for Structural Analysis |
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377 | (1) |
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Staining of Structural Components |
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377 | (2) |
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Case Study of a Model Biofilm |
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379 | (1) |
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Function of Biofilms and Microbial Mats |
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380 | (9) |
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381 | (2) |
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Diminution of Mass-Transfer Resistance |
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383 | (2) |
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Measurements in a Model Biofilm |
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385 | (3) |
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Diffusional Mass Transfer in Biofilms and Mats |
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388 | (1) |
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New Approaches to Mass Transfer in Biofilms and Mats |
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389 | (6) |
| List of Common Symbols |
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395 | (2) |
| Index |
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