| Preface |
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xix | |
| New to the second edition |
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xx | |
| Text organization |
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xx | |
| Specific features of this text designed to aid instructors and students in pursuing topics in greater depth |
|
xxiii | |
| Depth of coverage |
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xxiii | |
| Sources for further study |
|
xxiii | |
| The Internet |
|
xxiii | |
| Chapter outlines |
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xxiv | |
| Review material |
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xxiv | |
| Glossary |
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xxiv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
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PART I VIROLOGY AND VIRAL DISEASE |
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1 | (48) |
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Introduction -- The Impact of Viruses on Our View of Life |
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3 | (8) |
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The effect of virus infections on the host organism and populations --- viral pathogenesis, virulence, and epidemiology |
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3 | (2) |
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The interaction between viruses and their hosts |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Examples of the impact of viral disease on human history |
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6 | (1) |
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Examples of the evolutionary impact of the virus---host interaction |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Viruses have a constructive as well as destructive impact on society |
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9 | (1) |
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Viruses are not the smallest self-replicating pathogens |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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An Outline of Virus Replication and Viral Pathogenesis |
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11 | (10) |
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Virus replication in the cell |
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13 | (1) |
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Pathogenesis of Viral Infection |
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13 | (7) |
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14 | (1) |
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Initial stages of infection --- entry of the virus into the host |
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15 | (1) |
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The incubation period and spread of virus through the host |
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15 | (2) |
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Multiplication of virus to high levels --- occurrence of disease symptoms |
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17 | (1) |
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The later stages of infection --- the immune response |
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18 | (1) |
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The later stages of infection --- virus spread to the next individual |
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19 | (1) |
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The later stages of infection --- fate of the host |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Virus Disease in Populations and Individual Animals |
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21 | (15) |
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Some viruses with human reservoirs |
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21 | (3) |
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Some viruses with vertebrate animal reservoirs |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Animal Models to Study Viral Pathogenesis |
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25 | (10) |
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A mouse model for studying poxvirus infection and spread |
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27 | (1) |
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Reovirus infection of mice --- the convenience of a virus with a fragmented genome for identifying genes involved in pathogenesis |
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28 | (2) |
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Rabies: where is the virus during its long incubation period? |
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30 | (2) |
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Herpes simplex virus latency |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Can virus be spread across ``kingdoms''? |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Patterns of Some Viral Diseases of Humans |
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36 | (13) |
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Some viral diseases associated with acute infection followed by virus clearing from the host |
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36 | (1) |
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Colds and respiratory infections |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Infection of an ``accidental'' target tissue leading to permanent damage despite efficient clearing |
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37 | (1) |
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Persistent viral infections |
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38 | (1) |
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Herpesvirus infections and latency |
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38 | (1) |
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Complications arising from persistent infections |
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39 | (1) |
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Viral and subviral diseases with long incubation periods |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Some Viral Infections Targeting Specific Organ Systems |
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40 | (4) |
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Viral infections of nerve tissue |
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41 | (1) |
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Examples of viral encephalitis with grave prognosis |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Viral encephalitis with favorable prognosis for recovery |
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42 | (1) |
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Viral infections of the liver (hepatitis) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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Additional Reading for Part I |
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47 | (2) |
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PART II BASIC PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES AND VIRUS---CELL INTERACTION |
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49 | (68) |
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Virus Structure and Classification |
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51 | (9) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (4) |
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The Baltimore scheme of virus classification |
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57 | (1) |
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Disease-based classification schemes for viruses |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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The Beginning and End of the Virus Replication Cycle |
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60 | (17) |
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Outline of the virus replication cycle |
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60 | (1) |
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Animal virus entry into cells --- the role of the cellular receptor |
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61 | (3) |
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Mechanisms of entry of nonenveloped viruses |
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64 | (1) |
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Entry of enveloped viruses |
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64 | (1) |
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Entry of plant virus into cells |
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65 | (2) |
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The injection of bacteriophage DNA into Escherichia coli |
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67 | (2) |
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Nonspecific methods of introducing viral genomes into cells |
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69 | (1) |
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Late Events in Viral Infection: Capsid Assembly and Virion Release |
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69 | (7) |
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Assembly of helical capsids |
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69 | (2) |
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Assembly of icosahedral capsids |
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71 | (4) |
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Generation of the virion envelope and egress of the enveloped virion |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Host Immune Response to Viral Infection: The Nature of the Vertebrate Immune Response |
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77 | (19) |
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The immunological structure of a protein |
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78 | (2) |
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Presentation of Viral Antigens to Immune Reactive Cells |
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80 | (6) |
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Local versus systemic immunity |
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80 | (2) |
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Role of the antigen-presenting cell in initiation of the immune response |
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82 | (3) |
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Clonal selection of immune reactive lymphocytes |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Complement-mediated cell lysis |
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85 | (1) |
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Control and Dysfunction of Immunity |
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86 | (4) |
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Specific viral responses to host immunity |
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88 | (1) |
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Passive evasion of immunity --- antigenic drift |
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88 | (1) |
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Passive evasion of immunity --- internal sanctuaries for infectious virus |
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88 | (1) |
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Passive evasion of immunity --- immune tolerance |
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89 | (1) |
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Active evasion of immunity --- immunosuppression |
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89 | (1) |
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Active evasion of immunity --- blockage of MHC antigen presentation |
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90 | (1) |
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Consequences of immune suppression on virus infections |
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90 | (1) |
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Measurement of the Immune Reaction |
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90 | (5) |
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Measurement of cell-mediated (T cell) immunity |
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90 | (1) |
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Measurement of antiviral antibody |
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91 | (1) |
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Inhibition of hemagglutination |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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Strategies to Protect Against and Combat Viral Infection |
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96 | (21) |
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Vaccination --- Induction of Immunity to Prevent Virus Infection |
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97 | (5) |
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97 | (1) |
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Smallpox and the history of vaccination |
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97 | (1) |
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How a vaccine is produced |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Recombinant virus vaccines |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Future trends in vaccine development and design |
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101 | (1) |
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Problems with vaccine production and use |
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102 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic Cell-based Defenses Against Virus Replication |
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102 | (4) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Measurement of interferon activity |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (4) |
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Targeting antiviral drugs to specific features of the virus replication cycle |
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106 | (1) |
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Acyclovir and the herpesviruses |
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107 | (1) |
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Amantadine and influenza A viruses |
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108 | (1) |
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Chemotherapeutic approaches for HIV |
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109 | (1) |
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Multiple drug therapies to reduce or eliminate mutation to drug resistance |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Bacterial Antiviral Systems --- Restriction Endonucleases |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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Additional Reading for Part II |
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115 | (2) |
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PART III WORKING WITH VIRUS |
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117 | (112) |
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Visualization and Enumeration of Virus Particles |
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119 | (8) |
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Using the electron microscope to study and count viruses |
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119 | (3) |
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Counting (enumeration) of virions with the electron microscope |
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122 | (1) |
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Atomic Force Microscopy --- a rapid and sensitive method for visualization of viruses and infected cells, potentially in real time |
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123 | (2) |
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Indirect methods for ``counting'' virus particles |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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Replicating and Measuring Biological Activity of Viruses |
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127 | (17) |
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127 | (1) |
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Maintenance of bacterial cells |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Culture of animal and human cells |
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128 | (1) |
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Maintenance of cells in culture |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (2) |
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Loss of contact inhibition of growth and immortalization of primary cells |
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130 | (1) |
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The Outcome of Virus Infection in Cells |
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131 | (5) |
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131 | (2) |
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Fate of the cell following virus infection |
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133 | (1) |
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Cell-mediated maintenance of the intra- and intercellular environment |
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133 | (1) |
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Virus-mediated cytopathology --- changes in the physical appearance of cells |
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133 | (2) |
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Virus-mediated cytopathology --- changes in the biochemical properties of cells |
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135 | (1) |
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Measurement of the Biological Activity of Viruses |
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136 | (6) |
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Quantitative measure of infectious centers |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Generation of transformed cell foci |
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137 | (1) |
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Use of virus titers to quantitatively control infection conditions |
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137 | (1) |
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Examples of plaque assays |
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138 | (1) |
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Statistical analysis of infection |
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139 | (2) |
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Dilution endpoint methods |
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141 | (1) |
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The relation between dilution endpoint and infectious units of virus |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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Physical and Chemical Manipulation of the Structural Components of Viruses |
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144 | (21) |
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Viral Structural Proteins |
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144 | (7) |
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Isolation of structural proteins of the virus |
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145 | (2) |
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Size fractionation of viral structural proteins |
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147 | (1) |
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Determining the stoichiometry of capsid proteins |
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147 | (1) |
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The poliovirus capsid --- a virion with equimolar capsid proteins |
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148 | (1) |
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Analysis of viral capsids that do not contain equimolar numbers of proteins |
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149 | (2) |
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Characterizing Viral Genomes |
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151 | (12) |
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Sequence analysis of viral genomes |
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151 | (4) |
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Measuring the size of viral genomes |
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155 | (1) |
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Direct measure of DNA genome lengths in the electron microscope |
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156 | (1) |
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Rate zonal sedimentation and gel electrophoresis for measuring viral genome size |
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156 | (2) |
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Use of renaturation rates to measure nucleic acid size and complexity |
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158 | (2) |
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The polymerase chain reaction --- detection and characterization of extremely small quantities of viral genomes or transcripts |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (2) |
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Characterization of Viral Products Expressed in the Infected Cell |
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165 | (20) |
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Characterization of Viral Proteins in the infected Cell |
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165 | (12) |
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Pulse labeling of viral proteins at different times following infection |
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165 | (2) |
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Use of immune reagents for study of viral proteins |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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The structure of antibody molecules |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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Detection of viral proteins using immunofluorescence |
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170 | (2) |
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Related methods for detecting antibodies bound to antigens |
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172 | (1) |
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Use of bacterial staphylococcus A and streptococcus G proteins to detect and isolate antibody-antigen complexes |
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173 | (2) |
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Immunoaffinity chromatography |
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175 | (2) |
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Detecting and Characterizing Viral Nucleic Acids in Infected Cells |
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177 | (7) |
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Detecting the synthesis of viral genomes |
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177 | (1) |
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Characterization of viral mRNA expressed during infection |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Further characterization of specific viral mRNA molecules |
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181 | (1) |
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Use of microarray technology for getting a complete picture of the events occurring in the infected cell |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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Viruses Use Cellular Processes to Express Their Genetic Information |
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185 | (22) |
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Replication of cellular DNA |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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The promoter and initiation of transcription |
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188 | (3) |
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Posttranscriptional modification of precursor mRNA |
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191 | (1) |
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Visualization and location of splices in eukaryotic transcripts |
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192 | (4) |
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Prokaryotic transcription |
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196 | (1) |
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Prokaryotic RNA polymerase |
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197 | (1) |
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The prokaryotic promoter and initiation of transcription |
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197 | (1) |
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Control of prokaryotic initiation of transcription |
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198 | (1) |
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Termination of transcription |
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199 | (1) |
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Virus-induced changes in transcription and posttranscriptional processing |
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199 | (2) |
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The mechanism of protein synthesis |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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Virus-induced changes in translation |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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The Molecular Genetics of Viruses |
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207 | (22) |
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208 | (1) |
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Locating sites of restriction endonuclease cleavage on the viral genome --- restriction mapping |
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208 | (2) |
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Cloning of fragments of viral genomes using bacterial plasmids |
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210 | (4) |
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Genetic Manipulation of Viral Genomes |
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214 | (5) |
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Mutations in genes and resulting changes to proteins |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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HSV thymidine kinase --- a portable selectable marker |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Deliberate and Accidental Alterations in Viral Genomes as a Result of Laboratory Replication |
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219 | (4) |
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Virulence and attenuation |
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219 | (1) |
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Generation of recombinant viruses |
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219 | (3) |
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Defective virus particles |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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Additional Reading for Part III |
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227 | (2) |
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PART IV REPLICATION PATTERNS OF SPECIFIC VIRUSES |
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229 | (175) |
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Replication of Positive-sense RNA Viruses |
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231 | (26) |
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RNA viruses --- general considerations |
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231 | (1) |
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A general picture of RNA-directed RNA replication |
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232 | (2) |
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Replication of Positive-sense RNA Viruses Whose Genomes Are Translated as the First Step in Gene Expression |
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234 | (1) |
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Positive-sense RNA Viruses Encoding a Single Large Open Reading Frame |
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234 | (8) |
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234 | (1) |
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The poliovirus genetic map and expression of poliovirus proteins |
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235 | (2) |
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The poliovirus replication cycle |
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237 | (2) |
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Picornavirus cytopathology and disease |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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Positive-sense RNA Viruses Encoding More Than One Translational Reading Frame |
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242 | (9) |
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Two viral mRNAs are produced in different amounts during togavirus infections |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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The virus replication cycle |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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Viral genome replication and generation of 26s mRNA |
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244 | (1) |
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Generation of structural proteins |
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244 | (2) |
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Togavirus cytopathology and disease |
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246 | (2) |
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A somewhat more complex scenario of multiple translational reading frames and subgenomic mRNA expression: coronavirus replication |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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Cytopathology and disease caused by coronaviruses |
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251 | (1) |
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Replication of Plant Viruses with RNA Genomes |
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251 | (2) |
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Viruses with one genome segment |
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252 | (1) |
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Viruses with two genome segments |
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252 | (1) |
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Viruses with three genome segments |
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252 | (1) |
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Replication of Bacteriophages with RNA Genomes |
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253 | (2) |
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Regulated translation of bacteriophage mRNA |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (2) |
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Replication Strategies of RNA Viruses Requiring RNA-directed mRNA Transcription as the First Step in Viral Gene Expression |
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257 | (29) |
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Replication of Negative-sense RNA Viruses with a Monopartite Genome |
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258 | (9) |
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The replication of vesicular stomatitis virus --- a model for Mononegavirales |
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259 | (1) |
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The vesicular stomatitis virus virion and genome |
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259 | (1) |
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Generation, capping, and polyadenylation of mRNA |
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259 | (1) |
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The generation of new negative-sense virion RNA |
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260 | (3) |
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The mechanism of host shutoff by vesicular stomatitis virus |
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263 | (1) |
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The cytopathology and diseases caused by rhabdoviruses |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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The pathogenesis of paramyxoviruses |
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264 | (1) |
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Filoviruses and their pathogenesis |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Influenza Viruses --- Negative-sense RNA Viruses with a Multipartite Genome |
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267 | (5) |
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Involvement of the nucleus in flu virus replication |
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267 | (1) |
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Generation of new flu nucleocapsids and maturation of the virus |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (2) |
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Other Negative-sense RNA Viruses with Multipartite Genomes |
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272 | (4) |
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272 | (1) |
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Virus structure and replication |
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272 | (3) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Viruses with Double-stranded RNA Genomes |
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276 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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The reovirus replication cycle |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (5) |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (2) |
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Replication Strategies of Small and Medium-sized DNA Viruses |
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286 | (25) |
|
DNA viruses express genetic information and replicate their genomes in similar, yet distinct, ways |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (11) |
|
Replication of SV40 virus --- the model polyomavirus |
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288 | (3) |
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The SV40 genome and genetic map |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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The early transcription unit |
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291 | (1) |
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The late transcription unit |
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292 | (1) |
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The polyadenylation region |
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292 | (1) |
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Productive infection by SV40 |
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292 | (1) |
|
Virus attachment and entry |
|
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293 | (1) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
The role of T antigen in viral DNA replication and the early/late transcription switch |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
Abortive infection of cells nonpermissive for SV40 replication |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
The replication of papillomaviruses |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Virus replication and cytopathology |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
The Replication of Adenoviruses |
|
|
299 | (6) |
|
Physical properties of adenovirus |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
The adenovirus replication cycle |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Adenovirus DNA replication |
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301 | (2) |
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|
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303 | (1) |
|
VA transcription and cytopathology |
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303 | (1) |
|
Transformation of nonpermissive cells by adenovirus |
|
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303 | (2) |
|
Replication of Some Single-stranded DNA Viruses |
|
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305 | (4) |
|
Replication of parvoviruses |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Dependovirus DNA integrates in a specific site in the host cell genome |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Parvoviruses have potentially exploitable therapeutic applications |
|
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306 | (1) |
|
DNA viruses infecting vascular plants |
|
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307 | (1) |
|
|
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307 | (1) |
|
The single-stranded DNA bacteriophage X174 packages its genes very compactly |
|
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307 | (2) |
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|
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309 | (2) |
|
Replication of Some Nuclear-replicating Eukaryotic DNA Viruses with Large Genomes |
|
|
311 | (25) |
|
Herpesvirus Replication and Latency |
|
|
312 | (21) |
|
The herpesviruses as a group |
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|
312 | (1) |
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|
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312 | (1) |
|
Genetic complexity of herpesviruses |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Common features of herpesvirus replication in the host |
|
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313 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (6) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Initial steps in infection: virus entry |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Immediate-early gene expression |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Genome replication and late gene expression |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Virus assembly and release |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
Latent infections with herpesviruses |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
HSV latency and reactivation |
|
|
326 | (3) |
|
HSV transcription during latency and reactivation |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Specific HSV genes whose function may be to accommodate reactivation |
|
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329 | (1) |
|
EBV latent infection, a different set of problems and answers |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Pathology of herpesvirus infections |
|
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331 | (1) |
|
Herpesviruses as infectious co-carcinogens |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Baculovirus, an Insect Virus with Important Practical Uses in Molecular Biology |
|
|
333 | (1) |
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|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Viral gene expression and genome replication |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Importance of baculoviruses in biotechnology |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
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334 | (2) |
|
Replication of Cytoplasmic DNA Viruses and ``Large'' Bacteriophages |
|
|
336 | (20) |
|
Poxviruses --- DNA Viruses That Replicate in the Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells |
|
|
337 | (5) |
|
The pox virion is complex and contains virus-coded transcription enzymes |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
The poxvirus replication cycle |
|
|
338 | (1) |
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|
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338 | (2) |
|
Intermediate stages of replication |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Late events in the replication cycle |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis and history of poxvirus infections |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Is smallpox virus a potential biological terror weapon? |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Replication of ``Large'' DNA-containing Bacteriophages |
|
|
342 | (9) |
|
Components of large DNA-containing phage virions |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Phage-controlled transcription |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
The practical value of T7 |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
T4 bacteriophage: the basic model for all DNA viruses |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
Regulated gene expression during T4 replication |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Capsid maturation and release |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Replication of phage λ: a ``simple'' model for latency and reactivation |
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Phage λ gene expression immediately after infection |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
The action of cro: lytic growth |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Modulating the activity of the N protein: priming the cell for lysogeny |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Action of cI, cII, and cIII: establishment of lysogeny |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Integration of λ DNA: generation of the prophage |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Biochemistry of the decision between lytic and lysogenic infection in E. coli |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Competition for binding by cro and cI at the operator OR |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Factors affecting the lytic/lysogenic ``decision'' |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
A Group of Algal Viruses Shares Features of Its Genome Structure with Poxviruses and Bacteriophages |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (4) |
|
Retroviruses: Converting RNA to DNA |
|
|
356 | (21) |
|
Retrovirus Families and Their Strategies of Replication |
|
|
357 | (18) |
|
The molecular biology of retrovirus |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Retrovirus structural proteins |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
The R:U5:(PB):leader region |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
The gag, gag:prot:pol, and envgenes |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Genetic maps of representative retroviruses |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Lentiviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Replication of retroviruses: an outline of the replication process |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Migration of the cDNA (with integrase) into the nucleus |
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
Expression of viral mRNA and RNA genomes |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Capsid assembly and maturation |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Action of reverse transcriptase and RNase H in synthesis of cDNA |
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
Transcription and translation of viral mRNA |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Capsid assembly and morphogenesis |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Retrovirus Transformation |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Transformation through the action of a viral oncogene --- a subverted cellular growth control gene |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Oncornavirus alteration of normal cellular transcriptional control of growth regulation |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Oncornavirus transformation by growth stimulation of neighboring cells |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Viruses and cancer --- a reprise |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Destruction of the Immune System by HIV |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Cellular Genetic Elements Related to Retroviruses |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
The relationship between transposable elements and viruses |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
Hepadnaviruses: Variations on the Retrovirus Theme |
|
|
377 | (6) |
|
The virion and the viral genome |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
The viral replication cycle |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
The pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
A plant ``hepadnavirus'': cauliflower mosaic virus |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Viral gene expression and genome replication |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
The evolutionary origin of hepadnaviruses |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Viruses and the Future -- Promises and Problems |
|
|
383 | (21) |
|
Clouds on the horizon --- emerging disease |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
Sources and causes of emergent virus disease |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
The threat of bioterrorism |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
What are the prospects of using medical technology to eliminate specific viral and other infectious diseases? |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Silver linings --- viruses as therapeutic agents |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Viruses for gene delivery |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
Using viruses to destroy other viruses |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Discussion and Study Questions for Part IV |
|
|
392 | (9) |
|
Additional Reading for Part IV |
|
|
401 | (3) |
|
|
|
404 | (5) |
|
Books of historical and basic value |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Molecular biology and biochemistry texts |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Sources for experimental protocols |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Important websites for organizations and facilities of interest |
|
|
408 | (1) |
| Technical Glossary |
|
409 | (19) |
| Index |
|
428 | |
Other versions by this Author
