The Angel Investor's Handbook How to Profit from Early-Stage Investing

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2001-07-01
Publisher(s): Bloomberg Press
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Summary

Gerald Benjamin and Joel Margulis demonstrate that the real pitfall for potential investors is an incomplete understanding of the complexities of early-stage investing. At the same time, the angel capital market offers few mechanisms for bringing investors and entrepreneurs together, while securities regulations restrict communication between sophisticated investors and promising new businesses. So, where do the uninitiated start, and how do they separate the wheat from the chaff? In this ground breaking work, Benjamin and Margulis offer angel investors a hands-on manual for profiting from early-stage, private equity deals. They show how to develop investment criteria and overall game plans, locate viable investment opportunities, assess and manage risks, negotiate the most favourable deal terms, conduct thorough due diligence, and plan the all- important exit strategy.

Author Biography

GERALD A. BENJAMIN, MS, is Senior Managing Partner of International Capital Resources (ICR) in San Francisco, and is recognized by entrepreneurs, investors, venture organizations, and academic entrepreneurial finance programs as one of the nation's leading authorities on the angel capital market. Over 50,000 entrepreneurs have attended Benjamin's seminar, "Angel Financing: How to Raise Private Equity for the Early-Stage Venture," which has been sponsored and presented by over 200 prominent entrepreneurial and investor organizations in the United States. His research in the field has been covered by the Wall Street Journal, Time, Barron's, Investor's Business Daily, and many other publications. Benjamin received his BA and MS degrees from the University of San Francisco.

JOEL B. MARGULIS is a member of the English Department at San Francisco State University and has authored and coauthored a number of books on a variety of subjects. He received his BA in history and MA in English from the University of Missouri-Columbia.
Margulis is a freelance writer who has published books and articles on a range of business and finance topics.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgmentsp. xv
Prefacep. xvii
Introductionp. 1
An Overview of the Angel Capital Marketp. 9
Defining Angel Capital and Pre-IPO Investmentsp. 9
Trends Increasing Private Equity Investmentp. 10
How Angel Capital Has Provided an Infrastructure for Today's Economyp. 13
Inefficiencies in the Market for Early-Stage Company Equityp. 14
Government Attempts to Facilitate Pre-IPO Investmentsp. 16
The Roles of Traditional Venture Capital and Angel Investors in the Early-Stage Capital Marketp. 19
The Pre-IPO Investment Opportunity Definedp. 24
How Angel Investors Add Value Beyond Capitalp. 25
Introduction to the Pre-IPO Investment Processp. 27
Key Factors in Successful Angel Investingp. 29
Why Angel Investing Is Attractivep. 29
Specifics on Private Equity Classesp. 31
Demographics of Angel Investorsp. 32
Required Skills for Successful Angel Investingp. 34
Developing Angel Investment Criteriap. 38
Structuring an Angel Investment Planp. 41
Harmonizing Financial and Psychological Returnsp. 43
Commonsense Guidelines for Successful Asset Allocation Decisionsp. 49
Guiding Principles for Prospective Angel Investorsp. 52
Understanding and Managing Riskp. 55
Disadvantages of Angel Investingp. 57
Assessing Risk in a Potential Investmentp. 58
Differentiating between Indirect and Direct Venture Investmentp. 60
Assessing Your Own Risk Tolerance Levelp. 63
Managing Risk with Proven Hedging Strategiesp. 65
Types of Angel Investment Strategiesp. 69
Defining Angel Investment Strategyp. 69
How Demographics Affect the Choice of Active or Passive Angel Investment Strategiesp. 70
Variations in Angel Investment Strategiesp. 73
Active Angel Investment Strategiesp. 78
Passive, Indirect Angel Investment Strategiesp. 88
Deal-Flow Development: Surfacing Angel Investment Opportunitiesp. 95
How Angels Historically Have Located Dealsp. 95
Satisfaction with Traditional Deal-Flow Development Techniquesp. 96
Developing Your Angel Investment Goals and Objectivesp. 97
Shifting from Informal to More Formal Deal-Flow Developmentp. 100
The Essential Elements in a Formal Deal-Flow Development Strategyp. 102
Targeting, Positioning, and Defining Investment Sizep. 104
Organizing Investor Identity Materials and Deal-Flow Tracking Systemsp. 108
Criteria for Selecting the Most Appropriate Communication Channels to Attract Deal Flowp. 110
Advertisingp. 112
Public Relationsp. 121
Referral-Based Networkingp. 126
Caveats: Deal-Flow Development Approaches to Avoidp. 128
Managing the Due Diligence Processp. 131
Why Due Diligence Is So Important in Today's Angel Marketp. 131
Beware of Dead Ends on the Road to Riches: Case Studies from the Dark Side of Early-Stage Investingp. 135
Greed and the Entrepreneur's Loss of Ethicsp. 138
Government Regulation and Legislationp. 141
Screening Opportunities with the Investor-Oriented Executive Summaryp. 143
Why You Should Require a Business Planp. 146
Investigating the Entrepreneur and Management Teamp. 149
Separating Fact from Fiction in Venture Documentationp. 152
Knowing When to Say "No"p. 160
Who Pays Due Diligence Expenses?p. 162
The Preinvestment Auditp. 165
The Analytical Research Approach to the Preinvestment Auditp. 165
The Preinvestment Audit Questionnairep. 167
Analysis of Financial Projectionsp. 178
Can Management Reach the Forecast Objectives?p. 179
Interrelationships of Financial Projectionsp. 180
What Are the Company's Expected Financial Needs?p. 182
How Much Funding Is Sought?p. 182
Evaluating the Company's Stated Capital Needsp. 183
Analyzing the Forecast Balance Sheetp. 184
Description of the Balance Sheetp. 184
Liabilitiesp. 186
Shareholders' Equity and Net Worthp. 187
The Income Statement or Statement of Operationsp. 188
The Income Statementp. 189
Cash Flow Forecastp. 190
The Forecasted Cash Flow Statementp. 191
Use of Proceedsp. 192
Financial Assumptionsp. 193
Company Investors, Directors, Advisers, and Resources: Lists for Reference Checksp. 194
Miscellaneous Documents Required for Analysisp. 194
Negotiating and Structuring the Dealp. 197
Definition of Negotiationp. 197
Market Inefficiencies Make Negotiation a Mustp. 198
Negotiating the Transactionp. 199
Negotiation Mistakes Made by Angel Investorsp. 199
Simple Guidelines for Professional Angel Investment Negotiationsp. 201
The Private Placementp. 202
Choice of Securities for Angel Investorsp. 204
The Role of Legal Documentation in Private Equity Transactionsp. 206
Misuse of Business Plans as Investment Documentationp. 207
Overview of Legal Documents Used in Venture Investment Transactionsp. 208
Using a Term Sheet to Structure the Angel Investmentp. 211
Model Term Sheet Checklistp. 217
Valuation of the Early-Stage Companyp. 219
Pricing as Good Judgment, Not Formulaep. 219
Factors in Valuing Potential Investmentsp. 222
Macroeconomic Forces in Valuationp. 223
Subjective Determinants of Valuationp. 224
Fundamentals of Valuing Start-Up Venturesp. 229
Sweat Equity: The Investor's Perspectivep. 236
Overseeing and Advising Postinvestmentp. 239
Definition of Monitoring the Investmentp. 239
Passive Monitoring and Evaluation Techniquesp. 243
Active Monitoring and Evaluation Techniquesp. 246
Harvesting Returns: Exit Routes to Liquidityp. 249
Planning for the Angel Investor's Financial Rewardp. 249
A Contrarian Perspective on Liquidity in Public versus Private Marketsp. 250
The Importance of Identifying Exit Strategy before Investingp. 253
Reasonable Expectations for Investment Return and Hold Timep. 254
Evaluating Your Returnsp. 255
Realistic Exit Routesp. 256
The Living Dead: Coping with the Marginally Performing Investmentp. 262
Restricted versus Free-Trading Stockp. 263
Transforming Investment Losses into Tax Gainsp. 265
Conclusionp. 268
Internet Directoryp. 271
Angel Investing Conference/Forum Directoryp. 277
A Model Term Sheetp. 289
Valuation Case Studyp. 301
Hypothetical Valuation Examplep. 311
Frequently Asked Questionsp. 317
Suggested Reading Listp. 323
Supplementary Readingp. 325
Glossaryp. 333
Indexp. 341
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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