
Academic Leadership and Governance of Higher Education : A Guide for Trustees, Leaders, and Aspiring Leaders of Two- and Four-Year Institutions
by Hendrickson, Robert M.; Lane, Jason E.; Harris, James T.; Dorman, Richard H.; Ikenberry, Stanley O.-
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Summary
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
Foreword | p. xix |
Academic Leadership and Its Consequences | p. xix |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Three Essential Principles | p. 2 |
Organization of This Book | p. 3 |
History, Politics, Globalization, and Organizational Theory in Higher Education | p. 5 |
Principles of Academic Leadership | p. 7 |
Conflicting Goals, Ambiguous Aims | p. 8 |
Importance of Being Mission Driven | p. 9 |
Adjusting to an Ever-Changing Environment | p. 11 |
Importance of Democratic Partnerships in Advancing the Academy | p. 13 |
Understanding Academic Organizations | p. 18 |
Academic Institutions as Organizations: History, Typology, and Characteristics | p. 20 |
Historical Development of the Academic Institution | p. 21 |
The Nature of Organizations | p. 24 |
Environment | p. 24 |
Strategy and Goals | p. 25 |
Work and Technology | p. 25 |
Formal and Informal Structures | p. 26 |
People | p. 26 |
Organizational Boundaries and Systems | p. 27 |
The Study of Academic Organizations | p. 28 |
Theories About Academic Organizations | p. 29 |
Organized Anarchy | p. 29 |
Loosely Coupled Systems | p. 29 |
Professional Bureaucracy/Adhocracy | p. 30 |
Characteristics of Academic Organizations | p. 31 |
Goal Ambiguity | p. 31 |
Client-Focused Missions | p. 32 |
Highly Professionalized Staff | p. 32 |
Unclear Decision-Making Processes | p. 33 |
Environmental Vulnerability | p. 33 |
Organizational Culture and Climate in Higher Education | p. 34 |
Operating Structures of Colleges and Universities: Administrative Units and Governance Models | p. 37 |
Administrative Units | p. 38 |
Academic Affairs | p. 38 |
Athletics | p. 39 |
Auxiliary Services | p. 40 |
Finance and Administration | p. 40 |
Facilities Management | p. 40 |
Institutional Development | p. 40 |
Student Affairs | p. 41 |
Other Units | p. 41 |
Models of Academic Governance | p. 42 |
The Bureaucratic Model | p. 42 |
The Collegial Model | p. 43 |
The Political Model | p. 44 |
Decision Making and Academic Leadership | p. 46 |
Leading in a Bifurcated Organization | p. 47 |
Decision Making in Academic Organizations | p. 49 |
Learning to Frame Situations | p. 50 |
Conclusion | p. 52 |
Global Engagement of Colleges and Universities | p. 56 |
Global Growth and Importance of Higher Education | p. 59 |
Defining Terminology | p. 62 |
Organizing the Internationalization of Colleges and Universities | p. 65 |
Types of Mobility: Students, Faculty, Programs, and Institutions | p. 68 |
Students | p. 69 |
Faculty | p. 70 |
Programs | p. 71 |
Institutions | p. 72 |
Accreditation and Federal Regulations | p. 73 |
Accreditation | p. 73 |
Study Abroad Liability | p. 74 |
Federal Financial Aid | p. 75 |
SEVIS Program | p. 76 |
Export Control Laws | p. 76 |
Conclusion | p. 77 |
External Constituencies | p. 83 |
Federal Engagement in Higher Education | p. 87 |
The Evolution of Federal Engagement in Higher Education | p. 89 |
Primary Areas of Federal Engagement | p. 94 |
Access | p. 96 |
Accountability and Oversight | p. 97 |
Research and Innovation | p. 100 |
Institutional Development | p. 102 |
International Engagements | p. 104 |
Primary Departments and Agencies for Federal Engagement | p. 105 |
Department of Agriculture | p. 106 |
Department of Energy | p. 106 |
Department of Defense | p. 107 |
National Institutes of Health | p. 107 |
National Science Foundation | p. 108 |
The Future of Federal Involvement | p. 108 |
State and Local Governments' Relationship With Higher Education | p. 113 |
State Actors and Institutions | p. 114 |
Government Actors | p. 114 |
Legislative Branch | p. 114 |
Executive Branch | p. 116 |
Nongovernmental Actors | p. 117 |
State Governance of Higher Education | p. 118 |
Governing Boards | p. 119 |
Coordinating Boards | p. 121 |
Community College Governance | p. 122 |
Institutional Licensure | p. 123 |
Quality Assurance and Accountability | p. 126 |
State Funding | p. 127 |
State Aid to Students | p. 128 |
State Support of Private Institutions | p. 129 |
Future Issues | p. 131 |
The Courts and Higher Education | p. 138 |
The Legal System in the United States | p. 139 |
The Courts' Historical Involvement With Higher Education | p. 139 |
Federalism and State Authority in Public Education | p. 141 |
Student Issues | p. 143 |
Student Due Process Rights | p. 144 |
Academic Dismissal | p. 146 |
Discrimination in Admissions | p. 146 |
Gender Discrimination | p. 149 |
Faculty Employment Issues | p. 149 |
Academic Freedom and First Amendment Speech | p. 150 |
Academic Freedom | p. 150 |
First Amendment Employee Rights | p. 151 |
Disruptive Speech | p. 151 |
Faculty Contracts | p. 152 |
Denial of Tenure | p. 153 |
Tenure and Termination for Cause | p. 155 |
Collective Bargaining | p. 156 |
Employment Discrimination | p. 157 |
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 | p. 158 |
Disparate Impact | p. 158 |
Disparate Treatment | p. 159 |
Retaliation | p. 160 |
Title VII Summary | p. 160 |
Equal Pay Act of 1963 | p. 160 |
Equal Pay Class Action Suits | p. 162 |
Age Discrimination | p. 163 |
Discrimination Based on a Disability | p. 164 |
Sexual Harassment | p. 165 |
Hostile Work Environment | p. 166 |
Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment | p. 167 |
Tide IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 | p. 168 |
Legal Issues and Board Governance | p. 168 |
Board Member Selection | p. 169 |
Fiduciary Duty | p. 170 |
Open Meeting and Sunshine Laws | p. 170 |
Conclusion | p. 171 |
The Engaged College or University | |
Three Educational Movements | p. 181 |
Educating Responsible Citizens | p. 181 |
Service-Learning and Community-Based Learning | p. 186 |
Engaging the Community Through Democratic Partnerships | p. 191 |
External Influences and the Role of Supporting Organizations | p. 199 |
Evaluation and the Role of Accrediting Bodies | p. 201 |
Membership Organizations | p. 208 |
Regional Compacts | p. 208 |
Consortia | p. 209 |
Institutional Membership Organizations | p. 211 |
Professional Membership Organizations | p. 213 |
Foundations | p. 214 |
Conclusion | p. 217 |
The Boundary Spanners | p. 219 |
Trusteeship | p. 221 |
Historical Foundations of Lay Governance | p. 223 |
Public, Private, and Coordinating Boards | p. 225 |
Roles and Responsibilities of Governing Boards | p. 227 |
Ensuring Outstanding Leadership | p. 229 |
Articulating the Institution's Mission | p. 232 |
Maintaining Financial Solvency | p. 232 |
External Relations | p. 233 |
Self-Assessment | p. 234 |
Board Effectiveness | p. 236 |
Future Challenges | p. 240 |
The Academic Presidency | p. 243 |
Increasing Demand and Diminishing Interest | p. 244 |
The Changing Nature of the Academic Presidency | p. 245 |
The Role of the Academic President | p. 248 |
Demonstrating Respect for Mission and Culture | p. 250 |
Using Symbols to Advance Institutional Objectives | p. 253 |
Shared Governance: The Creation of Democratic Partnerships | p. 255 |
Integral Leadership and Emotional Competency | p. 258 |
Developing and Retaining Academic Presidents | p. 261 |
The Future of the Academic Presidency | p. 264 |
The Academic Core | p. 267 |
Governance of the Academic Core | p. 269 |
The Concept of Shared Governance | p. 270 |
Shared Governance Versus Corporate Governance | p. 272 |
The Faculty Senate in Shared Governance | p. 275 |
The CAO | p. 277 |
Academic Deans | p. 279 |
Responsibilities of Academic Leaders | p. 281 |
Curriculum Coordination and Planning | p. 282 |
Governance and Research Policy | p. 283 |
Developing Interdisciplinary Collaboration | p. 284 |
Conclusion | p. 286 |
Academic Departments and Departmental Leadership | p. 290 |
The Nature of Academic Departments | p. 290 |
Departments as Systems | p. 291 |
Departmental Culture and Climate | p. 293 |
The Role of the Department Chair and Leadership | p. 294 |
Department Chairs and Department Heads | p. 294 |
The Department Chair s Role | p. 295 |
Creating a Culture of Adaptation and Change | p. 296 |
Developing a Shared Vision and Mission | p. 296 |
Embracing Conflict Toward Problem Resolution | p. 297 |
Developing an Academic and Intellectual Community | p. 298 |
Fostering Growth and Professional Development | p. 298 |
Developing Evaluation Processes and Strategic Plans | p. 299 |
Department Faculty | p. 299 |
Recruiting and Hiring | p. 299 |
Annual Reviews | p. 301 |
Promotion and Tenure | p. 303 |
Posttenure Review | p. 304 |
Fostering the Academic Work of the Department | p. 305 |
Conclusion | p. 306 |
The Faculty | p. 311 |
Cultural Influences on Faculty Work | p. 311 |
The Faculty's Institutional Role | p. 312 |
The Nature of Faculty Work | p. 315 |
The Changing Nature of the Faculty Position | p. 316 |
Contingent Versus Tenure-Track Faculty | p. 316 |
Faculty Demographics | p. 319 |
Faculty Retirements | p. 321 |
Faculty Employment Issues | p. 322 |
A Faculty Employment Plan | p. 322 |
Discrimination in Employment | p. 323 |
Academic Freedom and the First Amendment | p. 324 |
Faculty Governance | p. 326 |
Faculty Reward Structures | p. 326 |
Annual Reviews and Merit Pay | p. 326 |
Promotion and Tenure | p. 327 |
Posttenure Review | p. 329 |
Faculty Development | p. 330 |
Faculty and Civic Engagement | p. 330 |
Enhancing Teaching and Learning Through Technology | p. 331 |
Conclusion | p. 332 |
Implementation of the Academic Mission | p. 339 |
The Student Experience | p. 341 |
College Students in the 21st Century | p. 342 |
The Purpose of Education | p. 344 |
Historical Considerations | p. 347 |
Theories of Student Development | p. 350 |
Student Development and the Curriculum | p. 354 |
General Education | p. 354 |
The Academic Plan | p. 359 |
Student Development and Persistence | p. 360 |
Student Development and the Cocurriculum | p. 363 |
The College Experience and Student Change | p. 366 |
Conclusion | p. 368 |
Planning, Assessment, and Budgeting | p. 374 |
National Priorities and Higher Education's Response | p. 375 |
The Growing Need for Strategic Planning and Accountability | p. 376 |
A Sense of Purpose and a Deliberate Process | p. 378 |
Developing an Appropriate Planning Model | p. 380 |
Developing a Culture of Evidence: The Value of Assessment | p. 384 |
Linking Planning and Assessment to Budgeting | p. 387 |
Conclusion | p. 389 |
About the Authors | p. 393 |
Index | p. 397 |
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